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Groups > comp.sys.apple2.programmer > #2330

Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules"

Newsgroups comp.sys.apple2.programmer
Date 2016-02-20 23:11 -0800
References (4 earlier) <12e54a16-4fc9-4f5e-90a2-d0f833b6792c@googlegroups.com> <61b2d263-ab64-49a6-bd27-2e336cbf8772@googlegroups.com> <a7204633-4abd-4357-94a2-026bd3a4c113@googlegroups.com> <88903293-8ad9-4031-9094-795fa8474f51@googlegroups.com> <df41d156-e664-40d0-9f29-ac57dcc5687f@googlegroups.com>
Message-ID <4fccb972-ff46-46f0-bc87-8ac47595a91e@googlegroups.com> (permalink)
Subject Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules"
From gids.rs@sasktel.net

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On Saturday, February 20, 2016 at 10:53:43 PM UTC-6, Mark Lemmert wrote:
> >And please stop calling bits, columns.  This is very unprofessional in computer >language. 
> 
> 
> Clearly you are very knowledgable about the deep workings of Apple graphics, and I totally respect that. 
> 
> And, thank you for the opportunity to explain my posting. I feel like there are two different sets of terminology being in this thread at times and have been puzzled as to the reason why.   
> 
> Here is my perspective:
> 
> Many graphics books refer to bits as a columns, especially when explaining how the color bit works.
> 
> Example: Apple II Reference Manual (1979, white cover), page 19, bottom of the page. 
> 
> https://www.dropbox.com/s/wu9u2ksij911zou/Screen%20Shot%202016-02-20%20at%2010.23.31%20PM.png?dl=0
> 
> 
> I'm not trying to say you are wrong by referencing the books, I'll take your word for it that there are programmers who consider the term column unprofessional. I didn't know that, and thank you for sharing it. 
> 
> The reason I use the term column is because there are people out there (me being one of them) who learn from books, and then try to refine that knowledge experimentation and asking questions. It is much easier to learn when the terminology in the book can be used as a point of reference.   
> 
> 
> 
> >This was not what was said at all in earlier posts.  Please go back and read them >more carefully.   
> 
> Duly noted. I thought that I understood how the information you shared relates to the way graphics are explained in many books, but apparently not. 
> 
> Aside from that, I believe my posting was accurate in all other respects in terms of what will display on the screen in the circumstances I described.



Unfortunately not in way that I could understand it, and I am experienced.  And if I can't understand it, how is any one new to these forums would be able to?

First off, columns referred to in your manual, refer to a monochrome monitor, yet try to describe what you would see on a color monitor.  This already created mis-information on how the screen works.  And your book calls orange, red.  This author obviously doesn't know what the contrast button does on his tv.

I will take one more crack at it.

If you can't make heads or tails of it, I will leave it alone.

A screen line takes up 40 bytes.  20 odd numbered and 20 even numbered, but I will only deal with one odd and one even as it is the same for the other 38 bytes.  Each byte has 7 bits that will display a pixel on the screen time 40 for a total of 280 pixels across the screen.  The high bit of each byte designates which group of colors you will see and is called the the color bit (this is not the same as a color pixel).

It takes 2 whole bytes to create 7 colored pixels or 14 on/off pixels on a monochrome monitor.

A single pixel by itself has no color.  It has an on/off state.  Off for black and an on for white.  Two consecutive bits are needed to create a color pixel.  The first bit is an even numbered bit and the 2nd bit is an odd numbered bit.

This chart portrays which two consecutive bits refer to which pixel color you will see on the screen.  Most books will display bytes with the high-bit first, in the order $80,$40,$20,$10,$8,$4,$2,$1.  But for the sake of understanding how bits relate to the screen, it is best to flip the bytes with low-bit first in the order $1,$2,$4,$8,$10,$20,$40,$80.  The result and the values are the same but easier to understand.

To see how this comes into play, it might be advantageous to get a hex calculator with a binary display.

bit #7 has a value of $80 if its bit is set
bit #6 has a value of $40 if its bit is set
bit #5 has a value of $20 if its bit is set
bit #4 has a value of $10 if its bit is set
bit #3 has a value of $8 if its bit is set
bit #2 has a value of $4 if its bit is set
bit #1 has a value of $2 if its bit is set
bit #0 has a value of $1 if its bit is set

with all the bits set in a byte, you would add all the values up, you should get $FF.  If you don't know how to add hexadecimal, this would be a good time to learn before continuing.

Here is the breakdown for the even/odd byte pairs that make up the 7 colored pixels.

bit # 
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

         color bit          color bit 
              |                 |     
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0   0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
|_| |_| |_| |_____| |_| |_| |_| 

pixel#
 0   1   2     3     4   5   6 


If this chart does not show up correctly, then you will have to copy and paste it into notepad.

Take note that it takes two consecutive bits to make a colored pixel, and the color bit is bit#7 of each byte, and that pixel#3 combines bit #6 of the 1st byte with bit #1 of the 2nd byte.

The two consecutive bits can have 4 colors numbered from 0 to 3.  And the color bit, which has a value of $80 (128 in decimal) decides which group of 4 colors you will see.  The two groups of colors are:

1st group with color bit clear (each byte has a value <128)
color#	- bits	- color 
   0	- 00 	- black 
   1	- 10	- violet 
   2	- 01	- green 
   3	- 11	- white 

2nd group with color bit set (each byte has a value >127)
   0	- 00	- black 
   1	- 10	- blue
   2	- 01	- orange
   3	- 11	- white

The bits in these tables are referred to as the even/odd columns you have been trying to describe, but I will show that in the 2nd byte, the bits(or columns) are reversed within the byte.

bit#0 of byte#1 is an even bit but is not on an even column.  This is why the word column should not be used.

Even and Odd columns are only used in conjunction with the two sequential bits that make up a colored pixel, according to the 2 color charts above and according to the even/odd byte pairs that make up the 7 colored pixels.

You should have also noticed that black and white are duplicated in each group, but are still considered 4 separate colors because they have a 1/2 bit shift, which is really distinct on a monochrome monitor.

Hexadecimal math is easy to learn, and makes a lot more sense than decimal mode when dealing with bits, even when you want to write an applesoft program that only deals with decimal mode without special software.

with the charts that are given, you should be able to calculate the value of any byte for any given pixel color or combination of pixel colors.

example

]HGR
]CALL -151

"DO NOT TYPE THIS LINE IN, THESE ARE THE 8 COLORS FOR PIXEL #0"

*2000:0
*2000:80
*2000:1
*2000:81
*2000:2
*2000:82
*2000:3
*2000:83

"DO NOT TYPE THIS LINE IN, THESE ARE THE 8 COLORS FOR PIXEL #1"

*2000:0
*2000:80
*2000:4
*2000:84
*2000:8
*2000:88
*2000:C
*2000:8C


"DO NOT TYPE THIS LINE IN, THESE ARE THE 8 COLORS FOR PIXEL #3"
"WHICH COMBINES BIT#6 OF ANY EVEN BYTE *** WITH BIT #1 OF THE NEXT BYTE AFTER THE EVEN BYTE"

*2000:0 0
*2000:80 80
*2000:40 0
*2000:C0 80
*2000:0 20
*2000:80 A0
*2000:40 1
*2000:C0 81


The whole key to this is that you must understand hexadecimal and how each bit gives a hex value.


To see a good color chart of all the color combinations, download and run graphics magician.  This is the best graphics package out there.

There should no longer be any reason to mis-interpret what is written here.  There is only mis-conscruing it to give mis-information to mis-inform the mis-guided.

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Thread

Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Mark Lemmert <mark.lemmert@gmail.com> - 2016-02-15 11:40 -0800
  Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" gids.rs@sasktel.net - 2016-02-15 12:33 -0800
    Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" gids.rs@sasktel.net - 2016-02-15 12:38 -0800
      Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Mark Lemmert <mark.lemmert@gmail.com> - 2016-02-15 14:11 -0800
        Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" dempson@actrix.gen.nz (David Empson) - 2016-02-16 14:22 +1300
          Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Mark Lemmert <mark.lemmert@gmail.com> - 2016-02-15 18:33 -0800
    Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Mark Lemmert <mark.lemmert@gmail.com> - 2016-02-15 14:08 -0800
      Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" gids.rs@sasktel.net - 2016-02-15 19:39 -0800
        Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" gids.rs@sasktel.net - 2016-02-15 19:47 -0800
          Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" David Schmidt <schmidtd@my-deja.com> - 2016-02-15 23:25 -0500
            Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" gids.rs@sasktel.net - 2016-02-16 08:42 -0800
        Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Mark Lemmert <mark.lemmert@gmail.com> - 2016-02-16 11:28 -0800
        Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" denisbytezone@gmail.com - 2016-02-18 14:53 -0800
          Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Mark Lemmert <mark.lemmert@gmail.com> - 2016-02-18 15:28 -0800
          Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" gids.rs@sasktel.net - 2016-02-18 15:31 -0800
            Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" denisbytezone@gmail.com - 2016-02-18 15:42 -0800
              Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" gids.rs@sasktel.net - 2016-02-18 15:52 -0800
                Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" gids.rs@sasktel.net - 2016-02-18 16:09 -0800
              Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" gids.rs@sasktel.net - 2016-02-18 16:42 -0800
              Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Michael Pohoreski <michael.pohoreski@gmail.com> - 2016-02-22 11:01 -0800
          Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" dempson@actrix.gen.nz (David Empson) - 2016-02-19 12:47 +1300
          Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" gids.rs@sasktel.net - 2016-02-18 15:49 -0800
            Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" gids.rs@sasktel.net - 2016-02-18 16:02 -0800
  Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Michael Pohoreski <michael.pohoreski@gmail.com> - 2016-02-16 11:34 -0800
    Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Mark Lemmert <mark.lemmert@gmail.com> - 2016-02-16 12:00 -0800
      Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Michael Pohoreski <michael.pohoreski@gmail.com> - 2016-02-16 13:47 -0800
  Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Michael Pohoreski <michael.pohoreski@gmail.com> - 2016-02-16 13:41 -0800
    Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Mark Lemmert <mark.lemmert@gmail.com> - 2016-02-16 19:02 -0800
    Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Mark Lemmert <mark.lemmert@gmail.com> - 2016-02-17 18:09 -0800
      Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" marc.depeo@brbent.com - 2016-02-18 00:43 -0800
        Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" wssimms@gmail.com - 2016-02-18 01:48 -0800
          Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" AppleIIGSMarc <appleiigsmarc@gmail.com> - 2016-02-18 08:50 -0800
            Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" AppleIIGSMarc <appleiigsmarc@gmail.com> - 2016-02-18 10:45 -0800
              Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Michael Pohoreski <michael.pohoreski@gmail.com> - 2016-02-18 20:24 -0800
                Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" wssimms@gmail.com - 2016-02-18 20:32 -0800
                Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" AppleIIGSMarc <appleiigsmarc@gmail.com> - 2016-02-18 21:05 -0800
            Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" gids.rs@sasktel.net - 2016-02-18 15:08 -0800
            Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Mark Lemmert <mark.lemmert@gmail.com> - 2016-02-18 15:31 -0800
          Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Michael Pohoreski <michael.pohoreski@gmail.com> - 2016-02-18 13:18 -0800
            Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" wssimms@gmail.com - 2016-02-18 18:15 -0800
          Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Michael Pohoreski <michael.pohoreski@gmail.com> - 2016-03-01 11:58 -0800
  Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Michael Pohoreski <michael.pohoreski@gmail.com> - 2016-02-16 14:05 -0800
    Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Mark Lemmert <mark.lemmert@gmail.com> - 2016-02-16 19:12 -0800
      Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" "Michael J. Mahon" <mjmahon@aol.com> - 2016-02-17 15:22 -0800
        Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Mark Lemmert <mark.lemmert@gmail.com> - 2016-02-17 16:14 -0800
  Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" denisbytezone@gmail.com - 2016-02-19 14:34 -0800
    Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Mark Lemmert <mark.lemmert@gmail.com> - 2016-02-19 16:17 -0800
      Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" denisbytezone@gmail.com - 2016-02-19 19:19 -0800
        Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Michael Pohoreski <michael.pohoreski@gmail.com> - 2016-02-19 22:25 -0800
          Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" denisbytezone@gmail.com - 2016-02-19 23:12 -0800
            Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Michael Pohoreski <michael.pohoreski@gmail.com> - 2016-02-19 23:27 -0800
              Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Michael Pohoreski <michael.pohoreski@gmail.com> - 2016-02-19 23:31 -0800
                Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" wssimms@gmail.com - 2016-02-20 04:02 -0800
                Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Michael Pohoreski <michael.pohoreski@gmail.com> - 2016-02-20 11:40 -0800
                Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Michael Pohoreski <michael.pohoreski@gmail.com> - 2016-02-20 11:48 -0800
        Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Mark Lemmert <mark.lemmert@gmail.com> - 2016-02-20 08:10 -0800
          Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" denisbytezone@gmail.com - 2016-02-20 16:25 -0800
            Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Michael Pohoreski <michael.pohoreski@gmail.com> - 2016-02-20 16:37 -0800
            Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Mark Lemmert <mark.lemmert@gmail.com> - 2016-02-20 18:29 -0800
              Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" gids.rs@sasktel.net - 2016-02-20 20:00 -0800
                Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Mark Lemmert <mark.lemmert@gmail.com> - 2016-02-20 20:53 -0800
                Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" gids.rs@sasktel.net - 2016-02-20 23:11 -0800
                Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" denisbytezone@gmail.com - 2016-02-21 00:23 -0800
                Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" wssimms@gmail.com - 2016-02-21 01:41 -0800
                Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" wssimms@gmail.com - 2016-02-21 01:43 -0800
                Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" denisbytezone@gmail.com - 2016-02-21 02:29 -0800
                Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" denisbytezone@gmail.com - 2016-02-21 02:40 -0800
                Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" wssimms@gmail.com - 2016-02-21 08:03 -0800
                Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" gids.rs@sasktel.net - 2016-02-21 09:55 -0800
                Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" gids.rs@sasktel.net - 2016-02-21 10:28 -0800
                Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" gids.rs@sasktel.net - 2016-02-21 14:42 -0800
                Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Michael J. Mahon <mjmahon@aol.com> - 2016-02-22 14:13 -0600
                Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Michael Pohoreski <michael.pohoreski@gmail.com> - 2016-02-21 20:49 -0800
                Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" anthonypaulo@gmail.com - 2017-06-22 17:19 -0700
                Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Mark Lemmert <mark.lemmert@gmail.com> - 2017-06-22 18:05 -0700
                Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" awanderin <awanderin@gmail.com> - 2017-06-22 23:00 -0600
                Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Michael J. Mahon <mjmahon@aol.com> - 2017-06-23 12:59 -0500
                Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" David Schmenk <dschmenk@gmail.com> - 2017-06-23 13:12 -0700
                Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Michael Pohoreski <michael.pohoreski@gmail.com> - 2017-06-25 07:30 -0700
                Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" anthonypaulo@gmail.com - 2017-06-25 08:30 -0700
                Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Michael J. Mahon <mjmahon@aol.com> - 2017-06-25 13:55 -0500
                Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Charlie <charlieDOTd@verEYEzon.net> - 2017-06-23 11:26 -0400
                Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Michael Pohoreski <michael.pohoreski@gmail.com> - 2017-06-25 07:45 -0700
                Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" anthonypaulo@gmail.com - 2017-06-25 08:33 -0700
                Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" anthonypaulo@gmail.com - 2017-06-25 08:38 -0700
                Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" David Schmenk <dschmenk@gmail.com> - 2017-06-25 12:07 -0700
                Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" anthonypaulo@gmail.com - 2017-06-25 16:29 -0700
    Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Michael J. Mahon <mjmahon@aol.com> - 2016-02-20 00:27 -0600
      Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" denisbytezone@gmail.com - 2016-02-19 23:14 -0800
  Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Michael Pohoreski <michael.pohoreski@gmail.com> - 2016-03-01 11:48 -0800
    Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Michael J. Mahon <mjmahon@aol.com> - 2016-03-01 16:24 -0600
    Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Mark Lemmert <mark.lemmert@gmail.com> - 2016-03-02 10:05 -0800
      Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Michael Finger <mike.finger@gmail.com> - 2016-04-06 13:21 -0700
        Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Michael Pohoreski <michael.pohoreski@gmail.com> - 2016-04-06 13:32 -0700
        Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" gids.rs@sasktel.net - 2016-04-06 15:15 -0700
          Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Michael Pohoreski <michael.pohoreski@gmail.com> - 2017-06-25 06:17 -0700
            Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" gids.rs@sasktel.net - 2017-06-25 21:33 -0700
              Re: Assembly Hi-Res Graphics, question about color patterns that seem to violate the "rules" Michael Pohoreski <michael.pohoreski@gmail.com> - 2017-06-26 11:12 -0700

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