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Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment]

From Ben Bacarisse <ben.usenet@bsb.me.uk>
Newsgroups comp.lang.c
Subject Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment]
Date 2018-11-21 21:22 +0000
Organization A noiseless patient Spider
Message-ID <8736ruceht.fsf@bsb.me.uk> (permalink)
References (10 earlier) <20181120230835.f7b3a89f2ed4aa738fa0fa3b@gmail.com> <db144560-9b27-4b9f-9b65-21a0004adbcc@googlegroups.com> <20181121163818.78148f14a49382c034c16826@g{oogle}mail.com> <pt3omq$167$1@dont-email.me> <20181121202812.8be0eaa6e3119eee8161c874@g{oogle}mail.com>

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Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@g{oogle}mail.com> writes:

> Thanks you very much for the answers, James.
>
>>>Is it correct that malloc creates a single allocated
>>>object?
>>
>>Yes.
>
> But you say below that this allcoated object may comprise
> many smaller allocated objects, even in a hierarchical
> manner, as would seem to be the case with a nested struct.
> So malloc can be seen as returning as many objects as there
> are junctures of a sequence of n elements into non-empty
> contagious regions.  I can't calculate it right now, but for
> n=2 it is 2: 1) a single two-byte region and 2) two one-byte
> regions.  It may be nitpicking, but I am trying to
> understand the letter of the Standard.

Yes:

  3.15
  object
   
  region of data storage in the execution environment, the contents of
  which can represent values
   
  NOTE When referenced, an object may be interpreted as having a
  particular type; see 6.3.2.1.

The interpretation of the type comes from the expression used to access
a region of storage:

  6.3.2.1 Lvalues, arrays, and function designators
   
  An lvalue is an expression (with an object type other than void) that
  potentially designates an object; if an lvalue does not designate an
  object when it is evaluated, the behavior is undefined. When an object
  is said to have a particular type, the type is specified by the lvalue
  used to designate the object.

So an object is just some memory.  It has no type of its own.  The type
is associated with the expression used to access the storage.

Objects can (and more do) have an effective type.  This is most often
simply the declared type of the object.

The key thing is that objects don't have a type but they usually have an
effective type that limits how they can be accessed.  It's expressions
that have a type in C, not objects.

>>>How many effective types can a single allocated object
>>>have?  I think it is one or zero.

It can change over time but it is never more than 1.

>>Different parts of an allocated object can have different
>>types.
>
> I don't see how the Standard even hints at this important
> property of objects, except very indirecly.

It's in 6.3.2.1 quoted above.  An object (some storage) only has a type
in so far as some lvalue is used to access it.

Now this very general permission is curtailed in all sorts of ways.  The
most significant being the effective type rules.  This new concept is
used to limit how a program can access storage.

Here's a commentary on the key paragraph, 6.5 para 6:

  The effective type of an object for an access to its stored value
  is the declared type of the object, if any.

So for

  int i = 42;

the `sizeof i` bytes that make up the int have effective type int.  The
expresson `i` accesses that object via an lvalue of type int.  The
effective type of the object and the type of the accessing expression
are the same.  That's permitted.

After

  char *cp = (void *)&i;

we can access one of the sub-objects in `i` using the lvalue `*cp`.
This accesses a char object that is part of the int.  This access is
specifically permitted in the next paragraph since an lavlue expression
of type char can be used to access an object with any effective type.

That char object has, I believe, no declared type but that's one part I
am not 100% sure of.  It does not matter to this example because the
access is permitted not matter what effective type that single but might
have.

Paragraph 6 continues by laying how you determine the effective type of
objects that have no declared type what are, most importantly, allocated
storage.

  If a value is stored into an object having no declared type through an
  lvalue having a type that is not a character type, then the type of
  the lvalue becomes the effective type of the object for that access
  and for subsequent accesses that do not modify the stored value.

So you can simply set the effective type (other that char) by modifying
the storage, so

  int *ip = malloc(sizeof (int) + sizeof (float));
  *ip = 42;

gives the first few bytes of the allocated storage the effective type
int.  And

  float *fp = (void *)(ip + 1);
  *fp = 99;

gives the rest the effective type float.  Now this access might be
undefined due to alignment, but that's not the point here.  The point
here is that you can paint the storage with any type you like just by
using it.

Paragraph 6 continues by explaining the effect of the memory copying
functions:

  If a value is copied into an object having no declared type using
  memcpy or memmove, or is copied as an array of character type, then
  the effective type of the modified object for that access and for
  subsequent accesses that do not modify the value is the effective type
  of the object from which the value is copied, if it has one.

And then a catch-all final remark:

  For all other accesses to an object having no declared type, the
  effective type of the object is simply the type of the lvalue used for
  the access.

It's paragraph 7 that allows `*cp` and which disallows `*sp` after

  int i = 42;
  char  *cp = (void *)&i;
  short *sp = (void *)&i;

because access through an lvalue expression of "a character type" is
always allowed, but whatever the effective type if the initial
sizeof(short) bytes of i is, it is not "a type compatible with the
effective type of the object".

I think from what you go on to write, you have got the main ideas
already so I apologise if this is too much or too basic, but others
might find it useful.

<snip>
-- 
Ben.

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Thread

Pointer conversion and alignment Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@gmail.com> - 2018-11-17 14:38 +0300
  Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@gmail.com> - 2018-11-17 17:37 +0300
    Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Ben Bacarisse <ben.usenet@bsb.me.uk> - 2018-11-17 21:01 +0000
      Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@gmail.com> - 2018-11-18 00:43 +0300
        Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@gmail.com> - 2018-11-18 01:20 +0300
          Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Richard Damon <Richard@Damon-Family.org> - 2018-11-17 18:12 -0500
            Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@gmail.com> - 2018-11-18 02:32 +0300
              Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Richard Damon <Richard@Damon-Family.org> - 2018-11-17 18:59 -0500
                Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@gmail.com> - 2018-11-18 12:40 +0300
        Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Ben Bacarisse <ben.usenet@bsb.me.uk> - 2018-11-18 02:14 +0000
          Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@gmail.com> - 2018-11-18 13:23 +0300
            Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Ben Bacarisse <ben.usenet@bsb.me.uk> - 2018-11-18 11:28 +0000
              Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@gmail.com> - 2018-11-18 15:31 +0300
                Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Ben Bacarisse <ben.usenet@bsb.me.uk> - 2018-11-18 15:03 +0000
                Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@gmail.com> - 2018-11-18 23:00 +0300
      Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@gmail.com> - 2018-11-18 00:49 +0300
  Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Malcolm McLean <malcolm.arthur.mclean@gmail.com> - 2018-11-17 06:52 -0800
    Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Ian Collins <ian-news@hotmail.com> - 2018-11-18 09:18 +1300
      Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Keith Thompson <kst-u@mib.org> - 2018-11-17 13:49 -0800
        Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Malcolm McLean <malcolm.arthur.mclean@gmail.com> - 2018-11-17 13:57 -0800
          Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Ian Collins <ian-news@hotmail.com> - 2018-11-18 11:08 +1300
            Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@gmail.com> - 2018-11-18 01:13 +0300
              Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Keith Thompson <kst-u@mib.org> - 2018-11-17 18:37 -0800
        Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Philipp Klaus Krause <pkk@spth.de> - 2018-11-18 14:14 +0100
  Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Richard Damon <Richard@Damon-Family.org> - 2018-11-17 10:05 -0500
    Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@gmail.com> - 2018-11-18 01:08 +0300
      Re: Pointer conversion and alignment "Chris M. Thomasson" <invalid_chris_thomasson@invalid.invalid> - 2018-11-17 14:31 -0800
        Re: Pointer conversion and alignment "Chris M. Thomasson" <invalid_chris_thomasson@invalid.invalid> - 2018-11-17 16:10 -0800
          Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@gmail.com> - 2018-11-18 15:01 +0300
            Re: Pointer conversion and alignment James Kuyper <jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2018-11-18 07:25 -0500
              Re: Pointer conversion and alignment "Chris M. Thomasson" <invalid_chris_thomasson@invalid.invalid> - 2018-11-19 21:30 -0800
            Re: Pointer conversion and alignment "Chris M. Thomasson" <invalid_chris_thomasson@invalid.invalid> - 2018-11-20 14:20 -0800
      Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Richard Damon <Richard@Damon-Family.org> - 2018-11-17 18:04 -0500
      Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Philipp Klaus Krause <pkk@spth.de> - 2018-11-18 14:18 +0100
      Re: Pointer conversion and alignment scott@slp53.sl.home (Scott Lurndal) - 2018-11-18 19:49 +0000
    Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Tim Rentsch <txr@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2018-11-23 18:27 -0800
      Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Richard Damon <Richard@Damon-Family.org> - 2018-11-23 21:59 -0500
        Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Tim Rentsch <txr@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2018-11-24 00:32 -0800
          Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Richard Damon <Richard@Damon-Family.org> - 2018-11-24 08:17 -0500
            Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Tim Rentsch <txr@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2018-11-29 09:55 -0800
              Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Richard Damon <Richard@Damon-Family.org> - 2018-11-29 21:48 -0500
                Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Tim Rentsch <txr@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2018-12-05 04:14 -0800
                Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Richard Damon <Richard@Damon-Family.org> - 2018-12-05 08:14 -0500
                Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Malcolm McLean <malcolm.arthur.mclean@gmail.com> - 2018-12-05 05:29 -0800
                Re: Pointer conversion and alignment David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2018-12-05 14:44 +0100
                Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Richard Damon <Richard@Damon-Family.org> - 2018-12-05 21:58 -0500
                Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@g{oogle}mail.com> - 2018-12-05 16:38 +0300
                Re: Pointer conversion and alignment scott@slp53.sl.home (Scott Lurndal) - 2018-12-05 14:23 +0000
                Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Keith Thompson <kst-u@mib.org> - 2018-12-05 14:35 -0800
                Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Tim Rentsch <txr@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2018-12-08 19:28 -0800
                Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Richard Damon <Richard@Damon-Family.org> - 2018-12-09 08:18 -0500
                Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Richard Damon <Richard@Damon-Family.org> - 2018-12-09 14:35 -0500
                Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Keith Thompson <kst-u@mib.org> - 2018-12-09 14:04 -0800
                Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Richard Damon <Richard@Damon-Family.org> - 2018-12-09 20:40 -0500
                Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Tim Rentsch <txr@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2018-12-17 07:18 -0800
                Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Keith Thompson <kst-u@mib.org> - 2018-12-17 12:35 -0800
                Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Tim Rentsch <txr@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2018-12-17 12:48 -0800
      Re: Pointer conversion and alignment "Chris M. Thomasson" <invalid_chris_thomasson@invalid.invalid> - 2018-11-24 18:33 -0800
  My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@gmail.com> - 2018-11-19 02:26 +0300
    Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] Ben Bacarisse <ben.usenet@bsb.me.uk> - 2018-11-19 11:08 +0000
      Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@g{oogle}mail.com> - 2018-11-19 15:37 +0300
        Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@g{oogle}mail.com> - 2018-11-19 15:39 +0300
          Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] Ben Bacarisse <ben.usenet@bsb.me.uk> - 2018-11-19 15:07 +0000
            Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@gmail.com> - 2018-11-19 22:24 +0300
              Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu - 2018-11-19 12:33 -0800
                Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@gmail.com> - 2018-11-20 00:34 +0300
                Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu - 2018-11-19 14:38 -0800
                Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] Ben Bacarisse <ben.usenet@bsb.me.uk> - 2018-11-20 00:43 +0000
                Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] James Kuyper <jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2018-11-19 21:44 -0500
                Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] jadill33@gmail.com - 2018-11-20 07:11 -0800
                Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] bart4858@gmail.com - 2018-11-20 10:02 -0800
              Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] Ben Bacarisse <ben.usenet@bsb.me.uk> - 2018-11-19 22:20 +0000
                Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@g{oogle}mail.com> - 2018-11-20 14:01 +0300
                Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] Melzzzzz <Melzzzzz@zzzzz.com> - 2018-11-20 11:07 +0000
                Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@g{oogle}mail.com> - 2018-11-20 15:12 +0300
                Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] James Kuyper <jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2018-11-20 08:15 -0500
                Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@gmail.com> - 2018-11-20 23:08 +0300
                Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu - 2018-11-20 14:13 -0800
                Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@g{oogle}mail.com> - 2018-11-21 16:38 +0300
                Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] James Kuyper <jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2018-11-21 09:05 -0500
                Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@g{oogle}mail.com> - 2018-11-21 20:28 +0300
                Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu - 2018-11-21 12:58 -0800
                Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@gmail.com> - 2018-11-22 01:47 +0300
                Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu - 2018-11-21 15:50 -0800
                Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@gmail.com> - 2018-11-24 19:37 +0300
                Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] Ben Bacarisse <ben.usenet@bsb.me.uk> - 2018-11-21 21:22 +0000
                Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] Ben Bacarisse <ben.usenet@bsb.me.uk> - 2018-11-21 01:15 +0000
        Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] Ben Bacarisse <ben.usenet@bsb.me.uk> - 2018-11-19 15:06 +0000
        Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] mark.bluemel@gmail.com - 2018-11-19 08:05 -0800
          Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] scott@slp53.sl.home (Scott Lurndal) - 2018-11-19 16:49 +0000
        Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu - 2018-11-19 10:35 -0800
          Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@gmail.com> - 2018-11-20 00:45 +0300
            Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu - 2018-11-19 14:24 -0800
              Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@g{oogle}mail.com> - 2018-11-20 15:05 +0300
                Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] James Kuyper <jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2018-11-20 08:31 -0500
                Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] Richard Damon <Richard@Damon-Family.org> - 2018-11-20 20:02 -0500
                Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@gmail.com> - 2018-11-21 22:47 +0300
                Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu - 2018-11-21 13:08 -0800
                Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@gmail.com> - 2018-11-22 00:31 +0300
                Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] Ben Bacarisse <ben.usenet@bsb.me.uk> - 2018-11-21 21:36 +0000
      Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@g{oogle}mail.com> - 2018-11-19 16:04 +0300
        Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] Ben Bacarisse <ben.usenet@bsb.me.uk> - 2018-11-19 14:56 +0000
    Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@gmail.com> - 2018-11-24 19:24 +0300
      Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] Ben Bacarisse <ben.usenet@bsb.me.uk> - 2018-11-24 21:31 +0000
        Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] Ben Bacarisse <ben.usenet@bsb.me.uk> - 2018-11-24 21:46 +0000
        Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@gmail.com> - 2018-11-25 01:12 +0300
          Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] Ben Bacarisse <ben.usenet@bsb.me.uk> - 2018-11-25 01:39 +0000
            Re: My dynamic arrays module [was:Re: Pointer conversion and alignment] Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@gmail.com> - 2018-11-25 14:19 +0300
  Re: Pointer conversion and alignment jadill33@gmail.com - 2018-11-19 08:44 -0800
    Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@gmail.com> - 2018-11-20 00:02 +0300
      Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Keith Thompson <kst-u@mib.org> - 2018-11-19 13:51 -0800
        Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@gmail.com> - 2018-11-20 01:08 +0300
          Re: Pointer conversion and alignment jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu - 2018-11-19 14:31 -0800
            Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@g{oogle}mail.com> - 2018-11-20 15:21 +0300
              Re: Pointer conversion and alignment James Kuyper <jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2018-11-20 08:59 -0500
                Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Keith Thompson <kst-u@mib.org> - 2018-11-20 11:06 -0800
                Re: Pointer conversion and alignment jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu - 2018-11-20 12:43 -0800
                Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Keith Thompson <kst-u@mib.org> - 2018-11-20 14:33 -0800
                Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@g{oogle}mail.com> - 2018-11-21 14:33 +0300
                Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Richard Damon <Richard@Damon-Family.org> - 2018-11-21 07:49 -0500
                Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Keith Thompson <kst-u@mib.org> - 2018-11-21 12:42 -0800
                Re: Pointer conversion and alignment James Kuyper <jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2018-11-21 08:41 -0500
                Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@gmail.com> - 2018-11-25 15:06 +0300
                Re: Pointer conversion and alignment James Kuyper <jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2018-11-25 10:47 -0500
                Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@g{oogle}mail.com> - 2018-11-26 12:42 +0300
                Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Malcolm McLean <malcolm.arthur.mclean@gmail.com> - 2018-11-26 03:07 -0800
                Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Keith Thompson <kst-u@mib.org> - 2018-11-26 12:56 -0800
                Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Richard Damon <Richard@Damon-Family.org> - 2018-11-26 18:17 -0500
                Re: Pointer conversion and alignment jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu - 2018-11-26 09:06 -0800
                Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@gmail.com> - 2018-11-26 23:52 +0300
                Re: Pointer conversion and alignment jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu - 2018-11-26 13:13 -0800
                Re: Pointer conversion and alignment Anton Shepelev <anton.txt@gmail.com> - 2018-11-27 00:31 +0300
                Re: Pointer conversion and alignment jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu - 2018-11-26 14:15 -0800
      Re: Pointer conversion and alignment jadill33@gmail.com - 2018-11-19 14:33 -0800

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