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Arch and scaffold: How Einstein found his field equations

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  Arch and scaffold: How Einstein found his field equations Sam Wormley <swormley1@gmail.com> - 2015-11-02 10:31 -0600
    Re: Arch and scaffold: How Einstein found his field equations gilber34 <fafa@invalid.com> - 2015-11-02 10:57 -0600
    Re: Arch and scaffold: How Einstein found his field equations Jeffrey Bannister <jbann@highadvancedscience.org> - 2015-11-02 19:41 +0000
    Re: Arch and scaffold: How Einstein found his field equations Fabian Russell <root@localhost.localdomain> - 2015-11-02 20:07 +0000
      Re: Arch and scaffold: How Einstein found his field equations xxein1@att.net - 2015-11-04 18:11 -0800
        Psalms 46 noTthaTguY <abu.kuanysh05@gmail.com> - 2015-11-05 20:08 -0800
    Re: Arch and scaffold: How Einstein found his field equations "Y.Porat" <y.y.porat@gmail.com> - 2015-11-06 05:23 -0800
      languages of the mother tongue(s noTthaTguY <abu.kuanysh05@gmail.com> - 2015-11-07 18:17 -0800

#529934 — Arch and scaffold: How Einstein found his field equations

Arch and scaffold: How Einstein found his field equations
> http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/magazine/physicstoday/article/68/11/10.1063/PT.3.2979?utm_source=Physics%20Today&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=6339900_Physics%20Today%3A%20The%20week%20in%20Physics%2026-30%20October&dm_i=1Y69,3RVWC,E1PPN7,DLFXW,1


> In his later years, Einstein often claimed that he had obtained the
> field equations of general relativity by choosing the mathematically
> most natural candidate. His writings during the period in which he
> developed general relativity tell a different story.

> Page proofs of Hilbert’s paper, which was not published until March
> 1916, surfaced in the late 1990s. An analysis of them14 shows that
> Einstein need not have worried about Hilbert in November 1915. In
> important ways, the theory presented in the page proofs is closer to
> the Entwurf theory than to general relativity in its final form. It
> has the same structure as the version of the Entwurf theory published
> in the review article of November 1914. It is true that Hilbert chose
> as his Lagrangian the Riemann curvature scalar, which is the
> gravitational part of the Lagrangian for the generally covariant
> Einstein field equations. At that point, however, Hilbert accepted
> Einstein’s hole argument against generally covariant field equations
> and imposed a coordinate restriction via a relation he suggestively
> called the energy theorem. So the actual field equations in the page
> proofs are not generally covariant. The restriction was dropped in
> the published version of the paper.



> Despite Einstein’s efforts to hide the scaffold, the arch unveiled in
> the first November paper still shows clear traces of it. Einstein
> wanted to display its mathematical splendor, but his structure was
> not quite up to code yet. To prevent a violation of energy–momentum
> conservation from bringing it down, he had to prop it up with some
> lumber from the Entwurf scaffold, a support beam cut to the size of
> unimodular transformations. Unfortunately, that support beam did not
> leave enough room for another critical piece of scaffolding, the
> restriction to unimodular coordinates. Only with that restriction in
> place could one fully appreciate the magnificence of the arch as a
> structure that looks the same from all angles even though during
> construction it could only be viewed from some. To make room for
> unimodular coordinates, Einstein brought in the heavy machinery of
> the electromagnetic worldview, then realized he did not need it. What
> he needed instead was an extra term on the right-hand side of the
> field equations with the trace of the energy–momentum tensor. That
> trace term turned out to be the keystone of his arch.

> That is how Einstein left the construction site in November 1915.
> During the next few months, he cleared away the debris of the first
> two November 1915 papers, which resulted in the first self-contained
> exposition of the new theory, published in May 1916 (CPAE 6; 30).15
> In November 1916 he finally lifted the restriction to unimodular
> coordinates (CPAE 6; 41). The arch was self-supporting at last, a
> marvelous sight to behold for generations of physicists to come.


-- 

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#529939

On 11/2/2015 10:31 AM, Sam Wormley wrote:
> Arch and scaffold: How Einstein found his field equations


>
>
>> In his later years, Einstein often claimed that he had obtained the
>> field equations of general relativity by choosing the mathematically
>> most natural candidate. His writings during the period in which he
>> developed general relativity tell a different story.
>


more in depth with equations, and references here;

http://arxiv.org/pdf/1201.5353


"There are differences between the proofs and the printed version of the 
paper from March 1916. In the November 20 proofs Hilbert asserted that 
the theory he was developing could not be generally covariant. He based 
his assertion on a slightly more sophisticated version of Einstein's 
Hole Argument, and he cites Einstein's 1914 discussion of this argument.

Hilbert was adopting Einstein's line of reasoning from 1913-mid 1915 
just at the time that Einstein was abandoning it, in favor of a return 
to general covariance.251 In addition, in Hilbert's proofs of November 
20 the gravitational field equations do not appear explicitly. 252 In 
the published version of March 1916 – after Einstein had published the 
final form of his field equations – the expression equivalent in form to 
Einstein's November 25 equations (2a) and (6) is written down 
explicitly. Corry, Renn and Stachel indeed claim that knowledge of 
Einstein's result [equations (2a) and (6)] may have been crucial to 
Hilbert's introduction of the second term in his equation, which was 
equivalent in form to these equations of Einstein. 253 And thus 
Einstein's 63 papers helped Hilbert in putting his November 20 paper in 
a malleable form containing generally covariant field equations.

Finally, in the proofs of 6 December, Hilbert supplemented his reference 
to the gravitational potentials gin handwriting with the phrase 
"first introduced by Einstein".254 However, Renn and Stachel found 
lately that, in the December 6 proofs in handwriting Hilbert not only 
acknowledged Einstein's priority but attempted to placate him.

In the introduction to his paper Hilbert wrote,255 "In the following – 
in the sense of the axiomatic method – I would like to develop, 
essentially from three axioms a new system of basic equations of 
physics, of ideal beauty, concerning, I believe, the solution of the 
problems presented". Hilbert deleted the word "new", and this is a clear 
indication that he had read Einstein's November 25 paper and recognized 
that his own equations are formally equivalent (because of where the 
trace term occurs) to Einstein's.

On December 20, 1915 Einstein wrote Hilbert,256 "There has been certain 
resentment between us, the cause of which I do not want to analyze. I 
have fought against the associated feeling of bitterness, and this with 
complete success. I think of you again with unmixed kindness, and I ask 
you to try to do the same with me. It is objectively a shame when two 
real guys that have emerged from this shabby world do not give each 
other a little pleasure".

In the March 1916 printed version of his November 20 paper Hilbert added 
a reference to Einstein's November 25 paper and wrote, "the differential 
equations of gravitation that result are, as it seems to me, in 
agreement with the magnificent theory of general relativity established 
by Einstein in his last papers".257

On May, 27, 1916 Hilbert replied to Einstein's letter, and then only in 
response to a post card from Einstein with some questions about 
Hilbert's first paper on his new theory, which has just been published.

Hilbert invited Einstein to visit Göttingen again and stay with him; but 
in spite of several invitations over the next few years, Einstein never 
came, perhaps because of Einstein's poor health in the last years of 
World War I. However, they continued to correspond over issues connected 
with Hilbert's paper.258

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#529982

Sam Wormley wrote:

> Arch and scaffold: How Einstein found his field equations
>> http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/magazine/physicstoday/
article/68/11/10.1063/PT.3.2979?utm_source=Physics%
20Today&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=6339900_Physics%20Today%3A%20The%
20week%20in%20Physics%2026-30%20October&dm_i=1Y69,3RVWC,E1PPN7,DLFXW,1
> 
> 
>> In his later years, Einstein often claimed that he had obtained the
>> field equations of general relativity by choosing the mathematically
>> most natural candidate. His writings during the period in which he
>> developed general relativity tell a different story.

Hahahahaaa

>> Page proofs of Hilbert’s paper, which was not published until March
>> 1916, surfaced in the late 1990s. An analysis of them14 shows that
>> Einstein need not have worried about Hilbert in November 1915. In
>> important ways, the theory presented in the page proofs is closer to
>> the Entwurf theory than to general relativity in its final form. It has
>> the same structure as the version of the Entwurf theory published in
>> the review article of November 1914. It is true that Hilbert chose as
>> his Lagrangian the Riemann curvature scalar, which is the gravitational
>> part of the Lagrangian for the generally covariant Einstein field
>> equations. At that point, however, Hilbert accepted Einstein’s hole
>> argument against generally covariant field equations and imposed a
>> coordinate restriction via a relation he suggestively called the energy
>> theorem. So the actual field equations in the page proofs are not
>> generally covariant. The restriction was dropped in the published
>> version of the paper.

hahahaha, thanks.

>> Despite Einstein’s efforts to hide the scaffold, the arch unveiled in
>> the first November paper still shows clear traces of it. Einstein
>> wanted to display its mathematical splendor, but his structure was not
>> quite up to code yet. To prevent a violation of energy–momentum
>> conservation from bringing it down, he had to prop it up with some
>> lumber from the Entwurf scaffold, a support beam cut to the size of
>> unimodular transformations. Unfortunately, that support beam did not
>> leave enough room for another critical piece of scaffolding, the
>> restriction to unimodular coordinates. Only with that restriction in
>> place could one fully appreciate the magnificence of the arch as a
>> structure that looks the same from all angles even though during
>> construction it could only be viewed from some. To make room for
>> unimodular coordinates, Einstein brought in the heavy machinery of the
>> electromagnetic worldview, then realized he did not need it. What he
>> needed instead was an extra term on the right-hand side of the field
>> equations with the trace of the energy–momentum tensor. That trace term
>> turned out to be the keystone of his arch.

hihihihii

>> That is how Einstein left the construction site in November 1915.
>> During the next few months, he cleared away the debris of the first two
>> November 1915 papers, which resulted in the first self-contained
>> exposition of the new theory, published in May 1916 (CPAE 6; 30).15 In
>> November 1916 he finally lifted the restriction to unimodular
>> coordinates (CPAE 6; 41). The arch was self-supporting at last, a
>> marvelous sight to behold for generations of physicists to come.

He was about to step in the Divergent Matter region, and got frightened. 
They we barely accept a curved spacetime, but a Divergent Matter they 
never would accept especially in those day.

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#529990

On Mon, 02 Nov 2015 10:31:25 -0600, Sam Wormley wrote:

> Arch and scaffold: How Einstein found his field equations
>

What do you care where they cam from, Wormley?  You don't even
understand them.

Would you care to explain how Einstein's gravity is dynamic
whereas Newton's is static?

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#530472

On Monday, November 2, 2015 at 3:06:32 PM UTC-5, Fabian Russell wrote:
> On Mon, 02 Nov 2015 10:31:25 -0600, Sam Wormley wrote:
> 
> > Arch and scaffold: How Einstein found his field equations
> >
> 
> What do you care where they cam from, Wormley?  You don't even
> understand them.
> 
> Would you care to explain how Einstein's gravity is dynamic
> whereas Newton's is static?

xxein:  It's just a matter of a model description.  They're both wrong anyway.

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#530710 — Psalms 46

timennspacenn is the inly error of Minkowski,
that I know of; then, he died at 43

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#530730

On Monday, November 2, 2015 at 6:31:29 PM UTC+2, Sam Wormley wrote:
> Arch and scaffold: How Einstein found his field equations
> > http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/magazine/physicstoday/article/68/11/10.1063/PT.3.2979?utm_source=Physics%20Today&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=6339900_Physics%20Today%3A%20The%20week%20in%20Physics%2026-30%20October&dm_i=1Y69,3RVWC,E1PPN7,DLFXW,1
> 
> 
> > In his later years, Einstein often claimed that he had obtained the
> > field equations of general relativity by choosing the mathematically
> > most natural candidate. His writings during the period in which he
> > developed general relativity tell a different story.
> 
> > Page proofs of Hilbert's paper, which was not published until March
> > 1916, surfaced in the late 1990s. An analysis of them14 shows that
> > Einstein need not have worried about Hilbert in November 1915. In
> > important ways, the theory presented in the page proofs is closer to
> > the Entwurf theory than to general relativity in its final form. It
> > has the same structure as the version of the Entwurf theory published
> > in the review article of November 1914. It is true that Hilbert chose
> > as his Lagrangian the Riemann curvature scalar, which is the
> > gravitational part of the Lagrangian for the generally covariant
> > Einstein field equations. At that point, however, Hilbert accepted
> > Einstein's hole argument against generally covariant field equations
> > and imposed a coordinate restriction via a relation he suggestively
> > called the energy theorem. So the actual field equations in the page
> > proofs are not generally covariant. The restriction was dropped in
> > the published version of the paper.
> 
> 
> 
> > Despite Einstein's efforts to hide the scaffold, the arch unveiled in
> > the first November paper still shows clear traces of it. Einstein
> > wanted to display its mathematical splendor, but his structure was
> > not quite up to code yet. To prevent a violation of energy-momentum
> > conservation from bringing it down, he had to prop it up with some
> > lumber from the Entwurf scaffold, a support beam cut to the size of
> > unimodular transformations. Unfortunately, that support beam did not
> > leave enough room for another critical piece of scaffolding, the
> > restriction to unimodular coordinates. Only with that restriction in
> > place could one fully appreciate the magnificence of the arch as a
> > structure that looks the same from all angles even though during
> > construction it could only be viewed from some. To make room for
> > unimodular coordinates, Einstein brought in the heavy machinery of
> > the electromagnetic worldview, then realized he did not need it. What
> > he needed instead was an extra term on the right-hand side of the
> > field equations with the trace of the energy-momentum tensor. That
> > trace term turned out to be the keystone of his arch.
> 
> > That is how Einstein left the construction site in November 1915.
> > During the next few months, he cleared away the debris of the first
> > two November 1915 papers, which resulted in the first self-contained
> > exposition of the new theory, published in May 1916 (CPAE 6; 30).15
> > In November 1916 he finally lifted the restriction to unimodular
> > coordinates (CPAE 6; 41). The arch was self-supporting at last, a
> > marvelous sight to behold for generations of physicists to come.
> 
=========================================
space is not curved   and not schmerved
it is nothing
see the threAd
'THE MOMENT THAT CURVED SPACE DIED '

2
 he should better see the
Y CIRCLON MECHANISM '
===================================
MASS IS THE MOTHER OF ALL FORCES 
INCLUDING GRAVITY
=================================
3
Sam
its more than time that you will stop 
boggling he balls with nonsense parroting physics 
=====

ATB
Y.Porat
====================================
-- 
 

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#531099 — languages of the mother tongue(s

did't get the gist of "entwurf by scanning, but
po R at is quite illiterate in at least a)
eenglych

> > > In November 1916 he finally lifted the restriction to unimodular
> > > coordinates (CPAE 6; 41). The arch was self-supporting at last, a
> > > marvelous sight to behold for generations of physicists to come.
> > 
> =========================================
> space is not curved   and not schmerved
> it is nothing
> see the threAd
> 'THE MOMENT THAT CURVED SPACE DIED '
> 
> 2
>  he should better see the
> Y CIRCLON MECHANISM '
> ===================================
> MASS IS THE MOTHER OF ALL FORCES 
> INCLUDING GRAVITY
> =================================
> 3
> Sam
> its more than time that you will stop 
> boggling he balls with nonsense parroting physics 
> =====
> 
> ATB
> Y.Porat
> ====================================
> --

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