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On 2026-03-21 06:10, rbowman wrote: > On Fri, 20 Mar 2026 18:00:55 -0700, Bobbie Sellers wrote: > >> Jews by the way were more welcome in states that were Muslim >> in the Middle Ages. They and the Muslims and Christians had a great >> culture going in the middle of the Middle Ages on the Iberian Peninsula. > > It took the Christians to expel the Jews from Spain. More people than > Columbus sailed in 1492. Yes, they were expelled. A complex decision. Horrible. Many have kept the Spanish language and some culture up to the current day in countries around the Mediterranean. Many even kept the keys of their house in Spain. Los sefarditas. They referred to Spain as Sefarad. My father knew about them, and told me about them. I always had a curiosity about them and the Jews. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain> On 31 March 1492, the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile, issued the Alhambra Decree, ordering all unconverted Jews to leave their kingdoms and territories by the end of July that year, unless they converted to Christianity. Motivated by a desire for religious unity following the completion of the Reconquista and amid fears that unconverted Jews were influencing conversos (Jewish converts to Christianity) to revert to Judaism, the decree brought to an end more than a millennium of Jewish presence in the Iberian Peninsula. It also ranks among the most consequential events in Spanish and Jewish history. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain#The_Sephardic_diaspora_and_the_Jewish_identity_continuity> The Sephardic diaspora and the Jewish identity continuity The expulsion initiated a prolonged period of exile and hardship, triggering a refugee crisis as Jews sought new places of refuge and resettlement.[98] Most of the expelled Jews settled in North Africa, sometimes via Portugal, or in nearby states, such as the Kingdom of Portugal, the Kingdom of Navarre, or in the Italian states. As they were also expelled from these first two kingdoms in 1497 and 1498 respectively, they were forced to emigrate again. The majority of those from Navarre settled in Bayonne. And those from Portugal ended up in Northern Europe (England or Flanders). In North Africa, those who went to the Fez kingdom suffered all kinds of ill-treatment and were plundered, even by the Jews who had lived there for a long time. Those who fared the best were those who settled in the territories of the Ottoman Empire, both in North Africa and in the Middle East, such as in the Balkans and the Republic of Ragusa, after having passed by Italy. Sultan Bayezid II gave orders to welcome them, and exclaimed on one occasion, referring to King Ferdinand: "You call him king who impoverishes his states to enrich mine?" This same sultan commented to the ambassador sent by Carlos V who marveled that "the Jews had been thrown out of Castile, which was to throw away wealth."[99] Over the course of a few generations, the Ottoman Empire's cities emerged as the heart of the Sephardic world.[98] -- Cheers, Carlos. ES🇪🇸, EU🇪🇺;
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Re: GNU rbowman <bowman@montana.com> - 2026-03-17 01:09 +0000
Re: GNU Bobbie Sellers <bliss-sf4ever@dslextreme.com> - 2026-03-16 22:13 -0700
Re: GNU rbowman <bowman@montana.com> - 2026-03-17 18:48 +0000
Re: GNU Bobbie Sellers <bliss-sf4ever@dslextreme.com> - 2026-03-17 12:13 -0700
Re: GNU John Ames <commodorejohn@gmail.com> - 2026-03-17 12:37 -0700
Re: GNU Peter Moylan <peter@pmoylan.org> - 2026-03-18 12:13 +1100
Re: GNU Lawrence D’Oliveiro <ldo@nz.invalid> - 2026-03-18 01:54 +0000
Re: GNU Charlie Gibbs <cgibbs@kltpzyxm.invalid> - 2026-03-18 02:19 +0000
Re: GNU "Carlos E.R." <robin_listas@es.invalid> - 2026-03-18 03:16 +0100
Re: GNU Bobbie Sellers <bliss-sf4ever@dslextreme.com> - 2026-03-17 20:35 -0700
Re: GNU "Carlos E.R." <robin_listas@es.invalid> - 2026-03-18 11:55 +0100
Re: GNU The Natural Philosopher <tnp@invalid.invalid> - 2026-03-18 09:54 +0000
Re: GNU "Carlos E.R." <robin_listas@es.invalid> - 2026-03-18 11:57 +0100
Re: GNU The Natural Philosopher <tnp@invalid.invalid> - 2026-03-18 11:18 +0000
Re: GNU "Kerr-Mudd, John" <admin@127.0.0.1> - 2026-03-18 12:24 +0000
Re: GNU The Natural Philosopher <tnp@invalid.invalid> - 2026-03-18 13:08 +0000
Re: GNU athel.cb@gmail.com <user12588@newsgrouper.org.invalid> - 2026-03-18 15:05 +0000
Re: GNU Bobbie Sellers <bliss-sf4ever@dslextreme.com> - 2026-03-18 10:18 -0700
Re: GNU The Natural Philosopher <tnp@invalid.invalid> - 2026-03-18 18:13 +0000
Re: GNU Silvano <Silvano@noncisonopernessuno.it> - 2026-03-18 23:46 +0100
Re: GNU Charlie Gibbs <cgibbs@kltpzyxm.invalid> - 2026-03-18 18:02 +0000
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Re: GNU "Carlos E.R." <robin_listas@es.invalid> - 2026-03-18 19:34 +0100
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Re: GNU Bobbie Sellers <bliss-sf4ever@dslextreme.com> - 2026-03-20 12:40 -0700
Re: GNU nospam@de-ster.demon.nl (J. J. Lodder) - 2026-03-20 22:43 +0100
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Re: GNU Bobbie Sellers <bliss-sf4ever@dslextreme.com> - 2026-03-20 18:00 -0700
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Re: GNU nospam@de-ster.demon.nl (J. J. Lodder) - 2026-03-23 12:15 +0100
Re: GNU Nuno Silva <nunojsilva@invalid.invalid> - 2026-03-23 11:53 +0000
Re: GNU nospam@de-ster.demon.nl (J. J. Lodder) - 2026-03-23 13:55 +0100
Re: GNU Snidely <snidely.too@gmail.com> - 2026-03-23 15:23 -0700
Re: GNU nospam@de-ster.demon.nl (J. J. Lodder) - 2026-03-21 13:26 +0100
Re: GNU "Carlos E.R." <robin_listas@es.invalid> - 2026-03-21 22:35 +0100
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Re: GNU Pancho <Pancho.Jones@protonmail.com> - 2026-03-23 21:54 +0000
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Re: GNU "Carlos E.R." <robin_listas@es.invalid> - 2026-03-24 13:15 +0100
Re: GNU The Natural Philosopher <tnp@invalid.invalid> - 2026-03-24 15:13 +0000
Re: GNU Lawrence D’Oliveiro <ldo@nz.invalid> - 2026-03-24 22:14 +0000
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Re: GNU The Natural Philosopher <tnp@invalid.invalid> - 2026-03-24 08:24 +0000
Re: GNU rbowman <bowman@montana.com> - 2026-03-24 19:04 +0000
Re: GNU The Natural Philosopher <tnp@invalid.invalid> - 2026-03-24 19:30 +0000
Re: GNU rbowman <bowman@montana.com> - 2026-03-25 06:59 +0000
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Re: GNU athel.cb@gmail.com <user12588@newsgrouper.org.invalid> - 2026-03-25 10:04 +0000
Re: GNU nospam@de-ster.demon.nl (J. J. Lodder) - 2026-03-24 21:30 +0100
Re: GNU Lawrence D’Oliveiro <ldo@nz.invalid> - 2026-03-24 22:13 +0000
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Re: GNU Lawrence D’Oliveiro <ldo@nz.invalid> - 2026-03-24 23:18 +0000
Re: GNU rbowman <bowman@montana.com> - 2026-03-25 06:52 +0000
Re: GNU Bobbie Sellers <bliss-sf4ever@dslextreme.com> - 2026-03-25 08:45 -0700
Re: GNU rbowman <bowman@montana.com> - 2026-03-25 18:41 +0000
Re: GNU Bobbie Sellers <bliss-sf4ever@dslextreme.com> - 2026-03-25 13:33 -0700
Re: GNU The Natural Philosopher <tnp@invalid.invalid> - 2026-03-25 21:51 +0000
Re: GNU rbowman <bowman@montana.com> - 2026-03-26 00:42 +0000
Re: GNU The Natural Philosopher <tnp@invalid.invalid> - 2026-03-25 21:50 +0000
Re: GNU Aidan Kehoe <kehoea@parhasard.net> - 2026-03-25 07:01 +0000
Re: GNU Peter Moylan <peter@pmoylan.org> - 2026-03-25 18:47 +1100
Re: GNU The Natural Philosopher <tnp@invalid.invalid> - 2026-03-25 09:33 +0000
Re: GNU Ross Clark <benlizro@ihug.co.nz> - 2026-03-25 23:05 +1300
Re: GNU Peter Moylan <peter@pmoylan.org> - 2026-03-25 21:58 +1100
Re: GNU richard@cogsci.ed.ac.uk (Richard Tobin) - 2026-03-25 20:00 +0000
Re: GNU Charlie Gibbs <cgibbs@kltpzyxm.invalid> - 2026-03-25 20:41 +0000
Re: GNU "Carlos E.R." <robin_listas@es.invalid> - 2026-03-25 22:30 +0100
Re: GNU The Natural Philosopher <tnp@invalid.invalid> - 2026-03-25 21:59 +0000
Re: GNU Snidely <snidely.too@gmail.com> - 2026-03-25 21:56 -0700
Re: GNU Marc Haber <mh+usenetspam1118@zugschl.us> - 2026-03-26 08:43 +0100
Re: GNU "Carlos E.R." <robin_listas@es.invalid> - 2026-03-26 12:30 +0100
Re: GNU athel.cb@gmail.com <user12588@newsgrouper.org.invalid> - 2026-03-26 13:54 +0000
Re: GNU The Natural Philosopher <tnp@invalid.invalid> - 2026-03-26 19:16 +0000
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Re: GNU John Bokma <contact@johnbokma.com> - 2026-03-26 16:48 +0100
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Re: GNU Hibou <vpaereru-unmonitored@yahoo.com.invalid> - 2026-03-27 06:41 +0000
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Re: GNU Charles Hope <clh@candehope.me.uk> - 2026-03-25 11:15 +0000
Re: GNU The Natural Philosopher <tnp@invalid.invalid> - 2026-03-25 11:38 +0000
Re: GNU "Carlos E.R." <robin_listas@es.invalid> - 2026-03-25 12:55 +0100
Re: GNU The Natural Philosopher <tnp@invalid.invalid> - 2026-03-25 12:06 +0000
Re: GNU "Carlos E.R." <robin_listas@es.invalid> - 2026-03-25 20:07 +0100
Re: GNU The Natural Philosopher <tnp@invalid.invalid> - 2026-03-25 21:56 +0000
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Re: GNU Pancho <Pancho.Jones@protonmail.com> - 2026-03-27 09:50 +0000
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Re: GNU Peter Moylan <peter@pmoylan.org> - 2026-03-27 11:19 +1100
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Re: GNU Rich Ulrich <rich.ulrich@comcast.net> - 2026-03-27 00:36 -0400
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Re: GNU Aidan Kehoe <kehoea@parhasard.net> - 2026-03-26 22:43 +0000
Re: GNU rbowman <bowman@montana.com> - 2026-03-25 06:47 +0000
Re: GNU nospam@de-ster.demon.nl (J. J. Lodder) - 2026-03-23 12:15 +0100
Re: GNU The Natural Philosopher <tnp@invalid.invalid> - 2026-03-23 11:26 +0000
Re: GNU nospam@de-ster.demon.nl (J. J. Lodder) - 2026-03-24 11:49 +0100
Re: GNU Peter Moylan <peter@pmoylan.org> - 2026-03-25 13:42 +1100
Re: GNU The Natural Philosopher <tnp@invalid.invalid> - 2026-03-25 09:37 +0000
Re: GNU nospam@de-ster.demon.nl (J. J. Lodder) - 2026-03-25 12:45 +0100
Re: GNU The Natural Philosopher <tnp@invalid.invalid> - 2026-03-25 11:50 +0000
Re: GNU Marc Haber <mh+usenetspam1118@zugschl.us> - 2026-03-25 17:47 +0100
Re: GNU richard@cogsci.ed.ac.uk (Richard Tobin) - 2026-03-25 20:04 +0000
Re: GNU John Ames <commodorejohn@gmail.com> - 2026-03-25 13:30 -0700
Re: GNU Bobbie Sellers <bliss-sf4ever@dslextreme.com> - 2026-03-25 13:35 -0700
Re: GNU John Ames <commodorejohn@gmail.com> - 2026-03-25 13:53 -0700
Re: GNU The Natural Philosopher <tnp@invalid.invalid> - 2026-03-25 22:02 +0000
Re: GNU John Ames <commodorejohn@gmail.com> - 2026-03-25 15:24 -0700
Re: GNU The Natural Philosopher <tnp@invalid.invalid> - 2026-03-26 07:24 +0000
Re: GNU Tony Cooper <tonycooper214@gmail.com> - 2026-03-25 17:22 -0400
Re: GNU athel.cb@gmail.com <user12588@newsgrouper.org.invalid> - 2026-03-26 08:41 +0000
Re: GNU The Natural Philosopher <tnp@invalid.invalid> - 2026-03-25 22:01 +0000
Re: GNU rbowman <bowman@montana.com> - 2026-03-26 00:47 +0000
Re: GNU nospam@de-ster.demon.nl (J. J. Lodder) - 2026-03-26 10:10 +0100
Re: GNU nospam@de-ster.demon.nl (J. J. Lodder) - 2026-03-25 22:41 +0100
Re: GNU "Carlos E.R." <robin_listas@es.invalid> - 2026-03-25 13:02 +0100
Re: GNU The Natural Philosopher <tnp@invalid.invalid> - 2026-03-21 10:01 +0000
Re: GNU rbowman <bowman@montana.com> - 2026-03-21 20:04 +0000
Re: GNU Pancho <Pancho.Jones@protonmail.com> - 2026-03-23 08:19 +0000
Re: GNU The Natural Philosopher <tnp@invalid.invalid> - 2026-03-23 11:13 +0000
Re: GNU Silvano <Silvano@noncisonopernessuno.it> - 2026-03-21 19:27 +0100
Re: GNU nospam@de-ster.demon.nl (J. J. Lodder) - 2026-03-20 11:32 +0100
Re: GNU Bobbie Sellers <bliss-sf4ever@dslextreme.com> - 2026-03-18 18:19 -0700
Re: GNU The Natural Philosopher <tnp@invalid.invalid> - 2026-03-19 12:41 +0000
Re: GNU rbowman <bowman@montana.com> - 2026-03-19 19:48 +0000
Re: GNU The Natural Philosopher <tnp@invalid.invalid> - 2026-03-19 20:34 +0000
Re: GNU Aidan Kehoe <kehoea@parhasard.net> - 2026-03-18 22:22 +0000
Re: GNU Bobbie Sellers <bliss-sf4ever@dslextreme.com> - 2026-03-18 15:57 -0700
Re: GNU rbowman <bowman@montana.com> - 2026-03-19 00:13 +0000
Re: GNU Bobbie Sellers <bliss-sf4ever@dslextreme.com> - 2026-03-18 18:24 -0700
Re: GNU "Carlos E.R." <robin_listas@es.invalid> - 2026-03-19 13:57 +0100
Re: GNU "Carlos E.R." <robin_listas@es.invalid> - 2026-03-19 13:49 +0100
Re: GNU Bobbie Sellers <bliss-sf4ever@dslextreme.com> - 2026-03-19 08:17 -0700
Re: GNU The Natural Philosopher <tnp@invalid.invalid> - 2026-03-19 17:47 +0000
Re: GNU "Carlos E.R." <robin_listas@es.invalid> - 2026-03-19 22:43 +0100
Re: GNU Bobbie Sellers <bliss-sf4ever@dslextreme.com> - 2026-03-19 15:17 -0700
Re: GNU The Natural Philosopher <tnp@invalid.invalid> - 2026-03-20 08:25 +0000
Re: GNU Lawrence D’Oliveiro <ldo@nz.invalid> - 2026-03-20 00:25 +0000
Re: GNU "Carlos E.R." <robin_listas@es.invalid> - 2026-03-20 03:31 +0100
Re: GNU Peter Moylan <peter@pmoylan.org> - 2026-03-20 13:46 +1100
Re: GNU The Natural Philosopher <tnp@invalid.invalid> - 2026-03-20 08:34 +0000
Re: GNU "Carlos E.R." <robin_listas@es.invalid> - 2026-03-20 11:11 +0100
Re: GNU The Natural Philosopher <tnp@invalid.invalid> - 2026-03-20 10:29 +0000
Re: GNU Lawrence D’Oliveiro <ldo@nz.invalid> - 2026-03-20 22:31 +0000
Re: GNU rbowman <bowman@montana.com> - 2026-03-21 00:07 +0000
Re: GNU Bobbie Sellers <bliss-sf4ever@dslextreme.com> - 2026-03-20 18:24 -0700
Re: GNU rbowman <bowman@montana.com> - 2026-03-21 04:59 +0000
Re: GNU The Natural Philosopher <tnp@invalid.invalid> - 2026-03-21 10:09 +0000
Re: GNU Bobbie Sellers <bliss-sf4ever@dslextreme.com> - 2026-03-21 10:34 -0700
Re: GNU rbowman <bowman@montana.com> - 2026-03-21 19:47 +0000
Re: GNU The Natural Philosopher <tnp@invalid.invalid> - 2026-03-21 22:51 +0000
Re: GNU The Natural Philosopher <tnp@invalid.invalid> - 2026-03-20 08:24 +0000
Re: GNU Rich Ulrich <rich.ulrich@comcast.net> - 2026-03-24 01:08 -0400
Re: GNU Ross Clark <benlizro@ihug.co.nz> - 2026-03-24 20:14 +1300
Re: GNU Nuno Silva <nunojsilva@invalid.invalid> - 2026-03-21 09:17 +0000
Re: GNU rbowman <bowman@montana.com> - 2026-03-21 20:47 +0000
Re: GNU Bobbie Sellers <bliss-sf4ever@dslextreme.com> - 2026-03-21 20:49 -0700
Re: GNU rbowman <bowman@montana.com> - 2026-03-22 04:57 +0000
Re: GNU Steve Hayes <hayesstw@telkomsa.net> - 2026-03-20 06:01 +0200
Re: GNU "Kerr-Mudd, John" <admin@127.0.0.1> - 2026-03-18 11:56 +0000
Re: GNU Pancho <Pancho.Jones@protonmail.com> - 2026-03-20 12:02 +0000
Re: GNU Bobbie Sellers <bliss-sf4ever@dslextreme.com> - 2026-03-20 08:37 -0700
Re: GNU Charlie Gibbs <cgibbs@kltpzyxm.invalid> - 2026-03-17 19:46 +0000
Re: GNU Lawrence D’Oliveiro <ldo@nz.invalid> - 2026-03-17 23:03 +0000
Re: GNU rbowman <bowman@montana.com> - 2026-03-18 03:44 +0000
Re: GNU Bobbie Sellers <bliss-sf4ever@dslextreme.com> - 2026-03-17 21:02 -0700
Re: GNU The Natural Philosopher <tnp@invalid.invalid> - 2026-03-18 10:19 +0000
Re: GNU rbowman <bowman@montana.com> - 2026-03-18 18:31 +0000
Re: GNU Bobbie Sellers <bliss-sf4ever@dslextreme.com> - 2026-03-18 16:05 -0700
Re: GNU Peter Moylan <peter@pmoylan.org> - 2026-03-18 16:30 +1100
Re: GNU The Natural Philosopher <tnp@invalid.invalid> - 2026-03-18 10:23 +0000
Re: GNU Bobbie Sellers <bliss-sf4ever@dslextreme.com> - 2026-03-18 07:55 -0700
Re: GNU "Carlos E.R." <robin_listas@es.invalid> - 2026-03-18 19:43 +0100
Re: GNU rbowman <bowman@montana.com> - 2026-03-18 18:34 +0000
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