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Groups > comp.lang.c > #164162

Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication?

From Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid>
Newsgroups comp.lang.c
Subject Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication?
Date 2021-12-31 17:00 +0100
Organization . . .
Message-ID <sqn9ee$1utr$4@gioia.aioe.org> (permalink)
References <sqmkg9$157v$1@gioia.aioe.org> <20211231062510.664@kylheku.com>

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2021-12-31 at 15:13 -0000, Kaz Kylheku wrote:
> There is no timeunits parameter; is that ticks?

Yes. I reworked the message a few times before posting to make it as
clear as possible, and of course added mistakes along the way...

> Ticks are often longer than a microsecond, so it can be
> resonably expected that tempo / grouplen > 1.

Actually, ticks are not a unit of time. Tempo is a unit of time
(in MIDI terms it's the length, in microseconds, of a quarter note).
Grouplen is the number of "ticks" (also called "unit time") in a quarter
note (which is also called a "beat").

But this does not matter anyway and I do not want to bore you to death.
In any case you are correct that tempo is likely to be greater than
grouplen, even though in theory it does not have to. Usually there's at
least a 100:1 relation between tempo and grouplen.

> E.g. a 1000 Hz timer interrupt produces 1000 us ticks. We multiply
> by 1000 to go from ticks to seconds. If ticks can go to UINT32_MAX,
> then we cannot go to microseconds in 32 bit.
> 
> Therefore, this calculation has an inherent global overflow problem,
> even if you address the local overflow in the multiplication.

Nah, it works just fine. :)

The end result is a number of microseconds that represents the
delta-time of a MIDI note (that is "when will the next note occur").
2^32 microseconds is 71 minutes. I know no MIDI file that has such long
pauses in between notes. Sure, one could craft such abomination, but it
is not my ambition to cover such edge cases.

> What you can do is right shift X and Y until you have enough headroom
> for the multiplication:
> 
>    /* while the multiplication overflows, scale the fraction down */
>    while (ticks * tempo < ticks) {
>       ticks /= 2;       /* compiles to a right shift */
>       grouplen /= 2;
>    }

Yes, that would be a good solution, if there was no time constraints.
The above loop is rich on branching and may lead to many
multiplications... That's a lot of cycles (for a 4 MHz CPU).

> > return ticks * (tempo / grouplen);  
> 
> If the fraction is greater than 1 but grouplen isn't a divisor of
> tempo, it's can be horribly inaccurate.

Yes, it is true. Fortunately in practice tempo is much higher than
grouplen, so the practical accuracy of this computation on "normal"
MIDI files is around 92-98%. Not perfect, but hard to hear. I then
added my bit-shifting hack which bumped accuracy to 98-99% - but with
some theoretical risk of introducing new overflows. Hence I was curious
what other people do in similar circumstances.

> > return ticks * (((tempo << 3) / grouplen) >> 3);  
> 
> So, if if a fixed shift works, you still want to do the multiplication
> first, then division, for a better approximation.
> 
>   return ticks * (tempo / 8) / (grouplen / 8);

I didn't thought of that, it's actually pretty neat - and
straightforward, too! With the only risk being that the CPU will burn
in flames if grouplen happens to be < 8 (but that's easy to check out of
the critical loop since grouplen never changes).

> > computations. It's also worth noting that "grouplen" is guaranteed
> > to be a positive number that never changes across the calls of the
> > function (which, in truth, is not even a function, but it was
> > easier to format it as such for this exercise).  
> 
> OK, so then there may be a way to check somewhere else that the scaled
> value grouplen / 8 is nonzero, to avoid division by zero, without
> doing that for every calculation.

Precisely, yes. I will do tests. Thank you for your input!


Mateusz

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Thread

How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2021-12-31 11:02 +0100
  Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Ben Bacarisse <ben.usenet@bsb.me.uk> - 2021-12-31 12:33 +0000
  Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Ben Bacarisse <ben.usenet@bsb.me.uk> - 2021-12-31 12:33 +0000
    Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2021-12-31 14:24 +0100
      Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2021-12-31 15:00 +0100
        Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Keith Thompson <Keith.S.Thompson+u@gmail.com> - 2021-12-31 11:38 -0800
          Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2021-12-31 20:49 +0100
            Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? James Kuyper <jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2021-12-31 18:37 -0500
              Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2022-01-01 17:48 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Tim Rentsch <tr.17687@z991.linuxsc.com> - 2022-01-21 05:51 -0800
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2022-01-21 15:59 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2022-01-21 16:19 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2022-01-21 16:51 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? James Kuyper <jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2022-01-21 12:08 -0500
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2022-01-21 18:14 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2022-01-21 18:25 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2022-01-21 20:53 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2022-01-21 22:22 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2022-01-22 13:05 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2022-01-22 13:53 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Richard Damon <Richard@Damon-Family.org> - 2022-01-22 08:31 -0500
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2022-01-22 15:53 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2022-01-22 16:46 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2022-01-24 09:33 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2022-01-24 10:15 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Tim Rentsch <tr.17687@z991.linuxsc.com> - 2022-01-22 10:03 -0800
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2022-01-23 12:28 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Bart <bc@freeuk.com> - 2022-01-23 11:48 +0000
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Öö Tiib <ootiib@hot.ee> - 2022-01-23 08:36 -0800
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Bart <bc@freeuk.com> - 2022-01-23 16:55 +0000
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Tim Rentsch <tr.17687@z991.linuxsc.com> - 2022-01-23 19:17 -0800
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? James Kuyper <jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2022-01-21 12:11 -0500
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2022-01-21 18:28 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? James Kuyper <jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2022-01-21 12:59 -0500
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? scott@slp53.sl.home (Scott Lurndal) - 2022-01-21 17:23 +0000
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2022-01-21 18:35 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? scott@slp53.sl.home (Scott Lurndal) - 2022-01-21 18:06 +0000
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2022-01-21 20:04 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? scott@slp53.sl.home (Scott Lurndal) - 2022-01-21 19:14 +0000
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Tim Rentsch <tr.17687@z991.linuxsc.com> - 2022-01-21 17:02 -0800
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? scott@slp53.sl.home (Scott Lurndal) - 2022-01-22 16:59 +0000
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Tim Rentsch <tr.17687@z991.linuxsc.com> - 2022-01-24 08:01 -0800
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? scott@slp53.sl.home (Scott Lurndal) - 2022-01-24 16:24 +0000
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? scott@slp53.sl.home (Scott Lurndal) - 2022-01-24 17:38 +0000
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Tim Rentsch <tr.17687@z991.linuxsc.com> - 2022-01-24 11:28 -0800
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? scott@slp53.sl.home (Scott Lurndal) - 2022-01-24 22:44 +0000
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Keith Thompson <Keith.S.Thompson+u@gmail.com> - 2022-01-24 15:34 -0800
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? scott@slp53.sl.home (Scott Lurndal) - 2022-01-25 14:50 +0000
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Ben Bacarisse <ben.usenet@bsb.me.uk> - 2022-01-25 18:30 +0000
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? scott@slp53.sl.home (Scott Lurndal) - 2022-01-25 18:50 +0000
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Keith Thompson <Keith.S.Thompson+u@gmail.com> - 2022-01-25 14:42 -0800
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? scott@slp53.sl.home (Scott Lurndal) - 2022-01-25 23:05 +0000
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Tim Rentsch <tr.17687@z991.linuxsc.com> - 2022-01-29 04:54 -0800
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? James Kuyper <jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2022-01-24 21:50 -0500
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Manfred <invalid@invalid.add> - 2022-01-25 19:24 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? scott@slp53.sl.home (Scott Lurndal) - 2022-01-25 18:35 +0000
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Tim Rentsch <tr.17687@z991.linuxsc.com> - 2022-01-29 10:05 -0800
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Ben Bacarisse <ben.usenet@bsb.me.uk> - 2022-01-21 20:46 +0000
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Tim Rentsch <tr.17687@z991.linuxsc.com> - 2022-01-21 17:32 -0800
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2022-01-22 09:57 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Tim Rentsch <tr.17687@z991.linuxsc.com> - 2022-01-22 09:44 -0800
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? James Kuyper <jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2022-01-22 15:26 -0500
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Tim Rentsch <tr.17687@z991.linuxsc.com> - 2022-01-22 14:44 -0800
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Tim Rentsch <tr.17687@z991.linuxsc.com> - 2022-01-21 23:37 -0800
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Tim Rentsch <tr.17687@z991.linuxsc.com> - 2022-01-22 12:04 -0800
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2022-01-24 09:59 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Tim Rentsch <tr.17687@z991.linuxsc.com> - 2022-02-03 10:24 -0800
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2022-02-03 21:34 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Keith Thompson <Keith.S.Thompson+u@gmail.com> - 2022-02-03 13:33 -0800
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2022-02-03 22:57 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Vir Campestris <vir.campestris@invalid.invalid> - 2022-02-03 22:28 +0000
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2022-02-03 23:48 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? James Kuyper <jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2022-02-03 22:17 -0500
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Öö Tiib <ootiib@hot.ee> - 2022-02-04 00:36 -0800
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2022-02-04 10:49 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Öö Tiib <ootiib@hot.ee> - 2022-02-04 09:03 -0800
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Tim Rentsch <tr.17687@z991.linuxsc.com> - 2022-02-07 00:52 -0800
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Bart <bc@freeuk.com> - 2022-02-07 10:03 +0000
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Ben Bacarisse <ben.usenet@bsb.me.uk> - 2022-02-07 11:22 +0000
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Bart <bc@freeuk.com> - 2022-02-07 14:58 +0000
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Tim Rentsch <tr.17687@z991.linuxsc.com> - 2022-02-07 09:06 -0800
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2022-02-04 09:44 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2022-02-04 11:06 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Malcolm McLean <malcolm.arthur.mclean@gmail.com> - 2022-02-04 05:53 -0800
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2022-02-04 15:27 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2022-02-04 15:53 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2022-02-05 14:11 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Malcolm McLean <malcolm.arthur.mclean@gmail.com> - 2022-02-05 09:15 -0800
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Bart <bc@freeuk.com> - 2022-02-04 19:38 +0000
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2022-02-05 14:23 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Bart <bc@freeuk.com> - 2022-02-05 15:16 +0000
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2022-02-05 17:27 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Bart <bc@freeuk.com> - 2022-02-05 16:41 +0000
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2022-02-06 12:01 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Bart <bc@freeuk.com> - 2022-02-06 13:24 +0000
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Manfred <invalid@add.invalid> - 2022-02-05 23:18 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? James Kuyper <jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2022-02-06 00:11 -0500
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Manfred <noname@add.invalid> - 2022-02-06 18:43 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2022-02-06 15:03 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? "james...@alumni.caltech.edu" <jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2022-02-05 09:38 -0800
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Bart <bc@freeuk.com> - 2022-02-05 17:57 +0000
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Richard Damon <Richard@Damon-Family.org> - 2022-02-05 13:29 -0500
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2022-02-06 15:15 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Bart <bc@freeuk.com> - 2022-02-06 14:34 +0000
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Keith Thompson <Keith.S.Thompson+u@gmail.com> - 2022-02-06 12:56 -0800
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? "james...@alumni.caltech.edu" <jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2022-02-05 09:50 -0800
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Bart <bc@freeuk.com> - 2022-02-05 18:09 +0000
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? James Kuyper <jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2022-02-04 11:06 -0500
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Malcolm McLean <malcolm.arthur.mclean@gmail.com> - 2022-02-04 09:02 -0800
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Keith Thompson <Keith.S.Thompson+u@gmail.com> - 2022-02-04 11:12 -0800
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? James Kuyper <jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2022-02-04 19:36 -0500
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? scott@slp53.sl.home (Scott Lurndal) - 2022-02-04 16:38 +0000
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Vir Campestris <vir.campestris@invalid.invalid> - 2022-02-06 22:08 +0000
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2022-02-07 09:11 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2022-02-07 09:13 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2022-02-07 09:14 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Vir Campestris <vir.campestris@invalid.invalid> - 2022-02-07 21:42 +0000
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2022-02-07 23:43 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? James Kuyper <jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2022-02-03 22:35 -0500
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Tim Rentsch <tr.17687@z991.linuxsc.com> - 2022-02-04 21:14 -0800
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2022-02-05 11:40 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? James Kuyper <jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2022-02-05 13:46 -0500
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Ben Bacarisse <ben.usenet@bsb.me.uk> - 2022-02-05 23:30 +0000
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? James Kuyper <jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2022-02-06 00:17 -0500
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2022-02-06 15:21 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? dave_thompson_2@comcast.net - 2022-05-14 12:34 -0400
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Tim Rentsch <tr.17687@z991.linuxsc.com> - 2022-05-15 07:19 -0700
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Andrey Tarasevich <andreytarasevich@hotmail.com> - 2022-05-14 12:04 -0700
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Andrey Tarasevich <andreytarasevich@hotmail.com> - 2022-05-14 12:15 -0700
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Tim Rentsch <tr.17687@z991.linuxsc.com> - 2022-05-15 07:25 -0700
            Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Keith Thompson <Keith.S.Thompson+u@gmail.com> - 2021-12-31 15:41 -0800
      Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2021-12-31 16:17 +0100
        Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2021-12-31 16:22 +0100
      Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Guillaume <message@bottle.org> - 2021-12-31 19:35 +0100
  Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Bonita Montero <Bonita.Montero@gmail.com> - 2021-12-31 13:53 +0100
    Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Öö Tiib <ootiib@hot.ee> - 2021-12-31 05:10 -0800
      Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Bonita Montero <Bonita.Montero@gmail.com> - 2021-12-31 14:25 +0100
      Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? scott@slp53.sl.home (Scott Lurndal) - 2021-12-31 16:16 +0000
        Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2021-12-31 17:32 +0100
    Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2021-12-31 14:31 +0100
      Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Bonita Montero <Bonita.Montero@gmail.com> - 2021-12-31 14:37 +0100
    Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? "james...@alumni.caltech.edu" <jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2021-12-31 15:21 -0800
      Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2022-01-01 13:50 +0100
    Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Michael S <already5chosen@yahoo.com> - 2022-01-01 10:31 -0800
      Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Bonita Montero <Bonita.Montero@gmail.com> - 2022-01-01 20:03 +0100
        Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Bart <bc@freeuk.com> - 2022-01-01 19:18 +0000
          Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2022-01-02 13:38 +0100
  Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Michael S <already5chosen@yahoo.com> - 2021-12-31 05:37 -0800
    Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2021-12-31 14:55 +0100
      Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Michael S <already5chosen@yahoo.com> - 2021-12-31 06:12 -0800
        Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2021-12-31 16:11 +0100
          Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Manfred <noname@add.invalid> - 2021-12-31 20:54 +0100
            Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2021-12-31 21:19 +0100
      Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Kaz Kylheku <480-992-1380@kylheku.com> - 2021-12-31 15:19 +0000
        Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2021-12-31 16:24 +0100
  Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Kaz Kylheku <480-992-1380@kylheku.com> - 2021-12-31 15:13 +0000
    Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2021-12-31 17:00 +0100
      Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Richard Damon <Richard@Damon-Family.org> - 2021-12-31 12:16 -0500
  Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Tim Rentsch <tr.17687@z991.linuxsc.com> - 2021-12-31 10:28 -0800
    Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? pa@see.signature.invalid (Pierre Asselin) - 2021-12-31 20:18 +0000
      Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Manfred <noname@add.invalid> - 2021-12-31 21:27 +0100
      Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2021-12-31 21:39 +0100
      Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Tim Rentsch <tr.17687@z991.linuxsc.com> - 2022-01-20 19:41 -0800
    Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2021-12-31 21:31 +0100
      Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Tim Rentsch <tr.17687@z991.linuxsc.com> - 2021-12-31 17:39 -0800
        Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Tim Rentsch <tr.17687@z991.linuxsc.com> - 2022-01-02 09:08 -0800
  Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? James Kuyper <jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2021-12-31 19:08 -0500
    Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? James Kuyper <jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2021-12-31 19:45 -0500
      Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2022-01-01 18:24 +0100
      Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? James Kuyper <jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2022-01-01 19:31 -0500
        Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? "james...@alumni.caltech.edu" <jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2022-01-01 16:53 -0800
        Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? James Kuyper <jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2022-01-04 00:32 -0500
          Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2022-01-04 09:43 +0100
            Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Tim Rentsch <tr.17687@z991.linuxsc.com> - 2022-01-04 07:20 -0800
              Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2022-01-04 18:19 +0100
            Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? James Kuyper <jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2022-01-04 10:50 -0500
              Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2022-01-04 17:37 +0100
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? James Kuyper <jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2022-01-04 15:01 -0500
                Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Mateusz Viste <mateusz@xyz.invalid> - 2022-01-04 21:45 +0100
          Re: How to avoid an overflow during multiplication? Keith Thompson <Keith.S.Thompson+u@gmail.com> - 2022-01-04 14:21 -0800

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