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Groups > comp.lang.c > #401237

Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow?

From David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no>
Newsgroups comp.lang.c
Subject Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow?
Date 2026-08-16 21:30 +0200
Organization A noiseless patient Spider
Message-ID <115t35d$e5dr$1@dont-email.me> (permalink)
References (7 earlier) <115fchf$2e17$1@dont-email.me> <86y0e62kzd.fsf@linuxsc.com> <115sk02$189sr$4@dont-email.me> <115sm9t$9dju$1@dont-email.me> <115sosc$183lr$7@dont-email.me>

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On 16/08/2026 18:35, Janis Papanagnou wrote:
> On 2026-08-16 17:51, David Brown wrote:
>> On 16/08/2026 17:12, Janis Papanagnou wrote:
>>> On 2026-08-16 16:33, Tim Rentsch wrote:
>>>> bart <bc@freeuk.com> writes:
>>>>
>>>>> [a C version of someone's ipow() function]
>>>>>
>>>>>   long long int ipow(long long a, int n) {
>>>>>      long long int res;
>>>>>
>>>>>      res = 1;
>>>>>      if (n < 0) {
>>>>>          res = 0;
>>>>>
>>>>>      } else if (n == 0) {
>>>>>          res = 1;
>>>>>
>>>>>      } else if (n == 1) {
>>>>>          res = a;
>>>>>
>>>>>      } else if ((n & 1) == 0) {        // n is even
>>>>>          res = ipow(a*a, n/2);
>>>>>
>>>>>      } else {                          // n is odd
>>>>>          res = ipow(a*a, (n-1)/2)*a;
>>>>>      }
>>>>>
>>>>>      return res;
>>>>>   }
>>>>
>>>> Two observations:
>>>>
>>>> One: one of the recursive calls is not properly tail recursive so
>>>> the recursion isn't always optimized out.
>>>
>>> You could as well write that also from the beginning in an iterative
>>> form (and not rely on optimizations of recursive functions - in case
>>> that this is a problem for the compilers in mind).
>>>
>>> (But personally I find the recursive form clearer than an iterative.)
>>>
>>>>
>>>> Two: it gets wrong answers for in some cases with negative
>>>> exponents.
>>>
>>> Ah, a typical non-answer! - Given that negative exponents are (here)
>>> generally handled to provide a result of 0 - and assuming that is
>>> accepted as result, since other libraries may provide an exception
>>> or error here - what are these "some cases with negative exponents"
>>> you have in mind; if you are so deign to give an answer this time.
>>>
>>
>> 1 ** n will be 1, even for negative n. 
> 
> For the integer-exponentiation case as topic of the thread - where
> negative exponents make little sense - and specifically for bart's
> presented code "negative n" is ruled out, or rather it leads always
> to 0.
> 
> I'd assume you (and Tim) just missed that? (Or what did I miss?)


I can't speak for Tim, though I would assume he is entirely aware that 
using negative n usually makes little sense for an "ipow" function - and 
I suspect that since the function takes a signed int for "n" and does 
not specify that it is non-negative, he felt the return value should be 
correct for negative "n" even if it is never used.

For my own part, I am entirely aware that negative "n" makes little 
sense in practice.  In the example code I gave for "ipow" in a different 
thread, I specifically used an unsigned type for "n".

> 
>> And -1 ** n will be 1 for even negative n,
> 
> I'd say it would be at best undefined.

Why?  (-1) ** n is well-defined mathematically for all integer "n".  It 
turns up regularly in sum notation when you want to distinguish between 
odd and even terms.  "a ** -n" is just "1 / (a ** n)", so the results 
here have a clear mathematical meaning.

But I can agree that it would rarely be useful to have a negative "n" 
for an integer power function.  And if you want to specify an "ipow" 
function that is for non-negative "n" only, fair enough.

(The really problematic cases are of course "ipow(0, n)" when n <= 0. 
These are best left as UB in the specifications, but an implementation 
might find it easiest just to return 0.  When there is no right answer, 
any answer is reasonable.)

> In the posted code it would
> be 0, which is not unsound if we'd read (now coming from the general
> case) x**-y as 1/(x**y), which goes (in the 'real' domain) towards 0.
> 

Yes, rounding "a ** n" to 0 for negative "n" is perfectly reasonable, in 
all cases except "a = 1" and "a = -1".

> As said, other languages or libraries just bail out for the negative
> exponent case  ipow: int x int -> int  (or rather  int x nat -> nat ).
> 

They can choose to do that.  That's fine.  But it should either be part 
of the function declaration (such as using an unsigned type for "n"), or 
given in the documentation.

>> [...]
>>
>> I don't know how Bart's own compiler copes with such recursive 
>> functions - I am curious if it can generate an iterative loop here.
> 
> Well, Bart's tools are of little interest - to me at least. 

I have no use for his tools either, but I am interested in how well they 
work with code he writes himself in this style.

> But his
> posted algorithm is sound, I'd say. 

With the addition of documentation about negative "n" being UB, or a fix 
for those cases, I agree that his algorithm is fine.

> And an iterative replacement not
> hard to derive. Maybe something like (replacing long long for brevity)
> 
> long ipow (long a, int n)
> {
>      if (n < 0) return 0;
> 
>      long res = 1;
>      long base = a;  // note: we could also operate on 'a'
> 
>      while (n > 0) {
>          if (n & 1)
>              res *= base;
> 
>          base *= base;
>          n /= 2;
>      }
> 
>      return res;
> }
> 
> But as said, for _clarity_ of code I prefer the functional form.
> 

Me too.

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Thread

why is there not a ipow version of pow? Lynn McGuire <lynnmcguire5@gmail.com> - 2026-08-11 03:01 -0500
  Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Bonita Montero <Bonita.Montero@gmail.com> - 2026-08-11 13:11 +0200
    Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? bart <bc@freeuk.com> - 2026-08-11 12:45 +0100
      Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Bonita Montero <Bonita.Montero@gmail.com> - 2026-08-11 14:34 +0200
      Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Bonita Montero <Bonita.Montero@gmail.com> - 2026-08-11 14:55 +0200
        Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2026-08-11 15:19 +0200
          Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Bonita Montero <Bonita.Montero@gmail.com> - 2026-08-11 15:27 +0200
            Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2026-08-11 16:08 +0200
              Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Bonita Montero <Bonita.Montero@gmail.com> - 2026-08-11 16:18 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2026-08-11 17:11 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Bonita Montero <Bonita.Montero@gmail.com> - 2026-08-11 17:20 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2026-08-11 17:32 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Bonita Montero <Bonita.Montero@gmail.com> - 2026-08-11 17:39 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2026-08-11 18:33 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Bonita Montero <Bonita.Montero@gmail.com> - 2026-08-11 18:39 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Michael S <already5chosen@yahoo.com> - 2026-08-11 23:31 +0300
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? James Kuyper <jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2026-08-11 11:46 -0400
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2026-08-11 18:35 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? antispam@fricas.org (Waldek Hebisch) - 2026-08-11 22:53 +0000
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2026-08-12 10:08 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Keith Thompson <Keith.S.Thompson+u@gmail.com> - 2026-08-12 03:58 -0700
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2026-08-12 13:31 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Michael S <already5chosen@yahoo.com> - 2026-08-12 22:43 +0300
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Keith Thompson <Keith.S.Thompson+u@gmail.com> - 2026-08-12 13:44 -0700
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Michael S <already5chosen@yahoo.com> - 2026-08-13 00:24 +0300
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Lynn McGuire <lynnmcguire5@gmail.com> - 2026-08-12 16:49 -0500
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2026-08-13 08:38 +0200
                Re: Calculation of sine with tables (was Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow?) scott@slp53.sl.home (Scott Lurndal) - 2026-08-13 14:36 +0000
                Re: Calculation of sine with tables (was Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow?) David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2026-08-13 17:07 +0200
                Re: Calculation of sine with tables (was Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow?) Janis Papanagnou <janis_papanagnou+ng@hotmail.com> - 2026-08-13 19:07 +0200
                Re: Calculation of sine with tables (was Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow?) David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2026-08-13 22:24 +0200
                Re: Calculation of sine with tables (was Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow?) Ross Finlayson <ross.a.finlayson@gmail.com> - 2026-08-13 16:36 -0700
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Lynn McGuire <lynnmcguire5@gmail.com> - 2026-08-13 18:59 -0500
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? "Chris M. Thomasson" <chris.m.thomasson.1@gmail.com> - 2026-08-13 18:51 -0700
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Lynn McGuire <lynnmcguire5@gmail.com> - 2026-08-14 00:58 -0500
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? "Chris M. Thomasson" <chris.m.thomasson.1@gmail.com> - 2026-08-14 12:08 -0700
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Lynn McGuire <lynnmcguire5@gmail.com> - 2026-08-14 15:48 -0500
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? "Chris M. Thomasson" <chris.m.thomasson.1@gmail.com> - 2026-08-14 13:51 -0700
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Lynn McGuire <lynnmcguire5@gmail.com> - 2026-08-14 16:40 -0500
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? "Chris M. Thomasson" <chris.m.thomasson.1@gmail.com> - 2026-08-14 19:24 -0700
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Lynn McGuire <lynnmcguire5@gmail.com> - 2026-08-14 22:51 -0500
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? "Chris M. Thomasson" <chris.m.thomasson.1@gmail.com> - 2026-08-14 22:33 -0700
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Ross Finlayson <ross.a.finlayson@gmail.com> - 2026-08-15 10:40 -0700
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? "Chris M. Thomasson" <chris.m.thomasson.1@gmail.com> - 2026-08-15 11:41 -0700
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Lynn McGuire <lynnmcguire5@gmail.com> - 2026-08-17 14:48 -0500
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? "Chris M. Thomasson" <chris.m.thomasson.1@gmail.com> - 2026-08-16 14:58 -0700
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2026-08-14 08:57 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? "Chris M. Thomasson" <chris.m.thomasson.1@gmail.com> - 2026-08-14 12:46 -0700
                Calculation of sine with tables (was Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow?) Janis Papanagnou <janis_papanagnou+ng@hotmail.com> - 2026-08-13 14:45 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Tim Rentsch <tr.17687@z991.linuxsc.com> - 2026-08-15 13:00 -0700
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Michael S <already5chosen@yahoo.com> - 2026-08-15 23:17 +0300
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Tim Rentsch <tr.17687@z991.linuxsc.com> - 2026-08-17 10:07 -0700
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Michael S <already5chosen@yahoo.com> - 2026-08-18 00:35 +0300
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2026-08-18 11:22 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Michael S <already5chosen@yahoo.com> - 2026-08-18 22:22 +0300
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2026-08-18 21:59 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Tim Rentsch <tr.17687@z991.linuxsc.com> - 2026-08-18 08:38 -0700
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Michael S <already5chosen@yahoo.com> - 2026-08-18 22:17 +0300
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Tim Rentsch <tr.17687@z991.linuxsc.com> - 2026-08-18 15:42 -0700
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Tim Rentsch <tr.17687@z991.linuxsc.com> - 2026-08-18 17:44 -0700
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Michael S <already5chosen@yahoo.com> - 2026-08-19 21:55 +0300
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Tim Rentsch <tr.17687@z991.linuxsc.com> - 2026-08-19 18:25 -0700
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Johann 'Myrkraverk' Oskarsson <johann@myrkraverk.invalid> - 2026-08-19 04:53 +0800
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? James Kuyper <jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2026-08-13 12:59 -0400
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? antispam@fricas.org (Waldek Hebisch) - 2026-08-12 20:23 +0000
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? scott@slp53.sl.home (Scott Lurndal) - 2026-08-11 18:19 +0000
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Bonita Montero <Bonita.Montero@gmail.com> - 2026-08-11 20:21 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? scott@slp53.sl.home (Scott Lurndal) - 2026-08-11 21:10 +0000
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Michael S <already5chosen@yahoo.com> - 2026-08-12 00:42 +0300
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Bonita Montero <Bonita.Montero@gmail.com> - 2026-08-12 06:41 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? scott@slp53.sl.home (Scott Lurndal) - 2026-08-12 14:19 +0000
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Bonita Montero <Bonita.Montero@gmail.com> - 2026-08-12 16:56 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? scott@slp53.sl.home (Scott Lurndal) - 2026-08-12 15:32 +0000
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Michael S <already5chosen@yahoo.com> - 2026-08-12 22:05 +0300
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Paul <nospam@needed.invalid> - 2026-08-12 19:09 -0400
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Michael S <already5chosen@yahoo.com> - 2026-08-11 21:58 +0300
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Ross Finlayson <ross.a.finlayson@gmail.com> - 2026-08-11 21:44 -0700
              Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? bart <bc@freeuk.com> - 2026-08-11 15:45 +0100
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Bonita Montero <Bonita.Montero@gmail.com> - 2026-08-11 16:56 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2026-08-11 17:23 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Bonita Montero <Bonita.Montero@gmail.com> - 2026-08-11 17:24 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? bart <bc@freeuk.com> - 2026-08-11 16:23 +0100
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Bonita Montero <Bonita.Montero@gmail.com> - 2026-08-11 17:26 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Bonita Montero <Bonita.Montero@gmail.com> - 2026-08-11 17:54 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Bonita Montero <Bonita.Montero@gmail.com> - 2026-08-11 18:40 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Bonita Montero <Bonita.Montero@gmail.com> - 2026-08-12 08:49 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Paul <nospam@needed.invalid> - 2026-08-12 09:11 -0400
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Bonita Montero <Bonita.Montero@gmail.com> - 2026-08-12 16:05 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? "Chris M. Thomasson" <chris.m.thomasson.1@gmail.com> - 2026-08-12 12:40 -0700
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Bonita Montero <Bonita.Montero@gmail.com> - 2026-08-13 15:46 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? "Chris M. Thomasson" <chris.m.thomasson.1@gmail.com> - 2026-08-13 14:28 -0700
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Keith Thompson <Keith.S.Thompson+u@gmail.com> - 2026-08-11 16:20 -0700
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? bart <bc@freeuk.com> - 2026-08-11 18:43 +0100
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Bonita Montero <Bonita.Montero@gmail.com> - 2026-08-11 19:56 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? bart <bc@freeuk.com> - 2026-08-11 20:41 +0100
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Bonita Montero <Bonita.Montero@gmail.com> - 2026-08-12 06:42 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2026-08-12 10:23 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Bonita Montero <Bonita.Montero@gmail.com> - 2026-08-11 20:24 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? bart <bc@freeuk.com> - 2026-08-11 20:27 +0100
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Bonita Montero <Bonita.Montero@gmail.com> - 2026-08-12 06:45 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2026-08-11 17:16 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Tim Rentsch <tr.17687@z991.linuxsc.com> - 2026-08-16 07:33 -0700
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Janis Papanagnou <janis_papanagnou+ng@hotmail.com> - 2026-08-16 17:12 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2026-08-16 17:51 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Janis Papanagnou <janis_papanagnou+ng@hotmail.com> - 2026-08-16 18:35 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Janis Papanagnou <janis_papanagnou+ng@hotmail.com> - 2026-08-16 18:41 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2026-08-16 21:30 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? bart <bc@freeuk.com> - 2026-08-16 23:41 +0100
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2026-08-17 08:56 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Janis Papanagnou <janis_papanagnou+ng@hotmail.com> - 2026-08-17 03:32 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2026-08-17 08:59 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Janis Papanagnou <janis_papanagnou+ng@hotmail.com> - 2026-08-17 11:08 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Keith Thompson <Keith.S.Thompson+u@gmail.com> - 2026-08-17 03:48 -0700
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Keith Thompson <Keith.S.Thompson+u@gmail.com> - 2026-08-17 04:25 -0700
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2026-08-17 13:44 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? scott@slp53.sl.home (Scott Lurndal) - 2026-08-17 14:26 +0000
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2026-08-17 16:58 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Keith Thompson <Keith.S.Thompson+u@gmail.com> - 2026-08-17 16:49 -0700
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Tim Rentsch <tr.17687@z991.linuxsc.com> - 2026-08-17 10:22 -0700
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Janis Papanagnou <janis_papanagnou+ng@hotmail.com> - 2026-08-17 19:49 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Janis Papanagnou <janis_papanagnou+ng@hotmail.com> - 2026-08-17 20:00 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2026-08-17 20:37 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Tim Rentsch <tr.17687@z991.linuxsc.com> - 2026-08-18 18:18 -0700
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? cross@spitfire.i.gajendra.net (Dan Cross) - 2026-08-18 20:26 +0000
      Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2026-08-11 15:17 +0200
        Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Bonita Montero <Bonita.Montero@gmail.com> - 2026-08-11 15:28 +0200
          Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2026-08-11 16:43 +0200
            Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Bonita Montero <Bonita.Montero@gmail.com> - 2026-08-11 16:47 +0200
              Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2026-08-11 17:24 +0200
    Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Paul <nospam@needed.invalid> - 2026-08-11 09:36 -0400
      Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Lynn McGuire <lynnmcguire5@gmail.com> - 2026-08-11 16:42 -0500
  Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Janis Papanagnou <janis_papanagnou+ng@hotmail.com> - 2026-08-11 19:15 +0200
    Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Lynn McGuire <lynnmcguire5@gmail.com> - 2026-08-11 16:41 -0500
      Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Lynn McGuire <lynnmcguire5@gmail.com> - 2026-08-11 16:49 -0500
        Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? bart <bc@freeuk.com> - 2026-08-11 23:28 +0100
          Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Lynn McGuire <lynnmcguire5@gmail.com> - 2026-08-11 17:51 -0500
      Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Keith Thompson <Keith.S.Thompson+u@gmail.com> - 2026-08-11 15:33 -0700
        Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Lynn McGuire <lynnmcguire5@gmail.com> - 2026-08-11 17:49 -0500
          Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Keith Thompson <Keith.S.Thompson+u@gmail.com> - 2026-08-11 16:19 -0700
            Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Lynn McGuire <lynnmcguire5@gmail.com> - 2026-08-12 00:32 -0500
              Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Bonita Montero <Bonita.Montero@gmail.com> - 2026-08-12 14:08 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Bonita Montero <Bonita.Montero@gmail.com> - 2026-08-12 18:40 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Lawrence D’Oliveiro <ldo@nz.invalid> - 2026-08-14 02:50 +0000
  Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Lawrence D’Oliveiro <ldo@nz.invalid> - 2026-08-12 04:26 +0000
    Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Lynn McGuire <lynnmcguire5@gmail.com> - 2026-08-12 01:37 -0500
      Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Paul <nospam@needed.invalid> - 2026-08-13 00:12 -0400
      Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Johann 'Myrkraverk' Oskarsson <johann@myrkraverk.invalid> - 2026-08-14 11:22 +0800
        Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Lynn McGuire <lynnmcguire5@gmail.com> - 2026-08-14 01:00 -0500
          Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Johann 'Myrkraverk' Oskarsson <johann@myrkraverk.invalid> - 2026-08-14 14:47 +0800
            Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Lynn McGuire <lynnmcguire5@gmail.com> - 2026-08-14 13:54 -0500
              Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Lawrence D’Oliveiro <ldo@nz.invalid> - 2026-08-16 22:49 +0000
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Lynn McGuire <lynnmcguire5@gmail.com> - 2026-08-17 14:56 -0500
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Lawrence D’Oliveiro <ldo@nz.invalid> - 2026-08-17 23:53 +0000
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Lynn McGuire <lynnmcguire5@gmail.com> - 2026-08-17 19:59 -0500
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Lawrence D’Oliveiro <ldo@nz.invalid> - 2026-08-18 02:47 +0000
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Lynn McGuire <lynnmcguire5@gmail.com> - 2026-08-17 15:17 -0500
            Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? "Chris M. Thomasson" <chris.m.thomasson.1@gmail.com> - 2026-08-14 12:03 -0700
              Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Johann 'Myrkraverk' Oskarsson <johann@myrkraverk.invalid> - 2026-08-15 03:51 +0800
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? "Chris M. Thomasson" <chris.m.thomasson.1@gmail.com> - 2026-08-14 12:52 -0700
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Johann 'Myrkraverk' Oskarsson <johann@myrkraverk.invalid> - 2026-08-15 04:01 +0800
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? "Chris M. Thomasson" <chris.m.thomasson.1@gmail.com> - 2026-08-14 13:27 -0700
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? "Chris M. Thomasson" <chris.m.thomasson.1@gmail.com> - 2026-08-14 13:29 -0700
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Johann 'Myrkraverk' Oskarsson <johann@myrkraverk.invalid> - 2026-08-15 04:49 +0800
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? "Chris M. Thomasson" <chris.m.thomasson.1@gmail.com> - 2026-08-14 20:32 -0700
    Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? bart <bc@freeuk.com> - 2026-08-12 11:28 +0100
      Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Lawrence D’Oliveiro <ldo@nz.invalid> - 2026-08-12 23:52 +0000
        Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? bart <bc@freeuk.com> - 2026-08-13 01:30 +0100
          Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Lawrence D’Oliveiro <ldo@nz.invalid> - 2026-08-13 02:24 +0000
            Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Keith Thompson <Keith.S.Thompson+u@gmail.com> - 2026-08-12 21:13 -0700
              Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? scott@slp53.sl.home (Scott Lurndal) - 2026-08-13 14:33 +0000
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Bonita Montero <Bonita.Montero@gmail.com> - 2026-08-13 16:45 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? scott@slp53.sl.home (Scott Lurndal) - 2026-08-13 14:55 +0000
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Bonita Montero <Bonita.Montero@gmail.com> - 2026-08-13 18:10 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? scott@slp53.sl.home (Scott Lurndal) - 2026-08-13 16:16 +0000
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? scott@slp53.sl.home (Scott Lurndal) - 2026-08-13 16:21 +0000
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Lawrence D’Oliveiro <ldo@nz.invalid> - 2026-08-17 06:37 +0000
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Johann 'Myrkraverk' Oskarsson <johann@myrkraverk.invalid> - 2026-08-17 21:37 +0800
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2026-08-13 17:19 +0200
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? scott@slp53.sl.home (Scott Lurndal) - 2026-08-13 16:09 +0000
                Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2026-08-13 18:52 +0200
          Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? antispam@fricas.org (Waldek Hebisch) - 2026-08-18 16:33 +0000
  Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Johann 'Myrkraverk' Oskarsson <johann@myrkraverk.invalid> - 2026-08-13 17:19 +0800
    Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Lynn McGuire <lynnmcguire5@gmail.com> - 2026-08-13 19:07 -0500
      Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Johann 'Myrkraverk' Oskarsson <johann@myrkraverk.invalid> - 2026-08-14 10:58 +0800
        Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Lynn McGuire <lynnmcguire5@gmail.com> - 2026-08-14 01:14 -0500
      Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Lawrence D’Oliveiro <ldo@nz.invalid> - 2026-08-17 06:40 +0000
        Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Johann 'Myrkraverk' Oskarsson <johann@myrkraverk.invalid> - 2026-08-17 21:40 +0800
  Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Lynn McGuire <lynnmcguire5@gmail.com> - 2026-08-18 00:42 -0500
    Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? Bonita Montero <Bonita.Montero@gmail.com> - 2026-08-18 09:34 +0200
    Re: why is there not a ipow version of pow? David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2026-08-18 11:32 +0200

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