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A new foundation for correct reasoning

Started byolcott <polcott333@gmail.com>
First post2025-11-24 18:53 -0600
Last post2025-12-05 17:45 -0600
Articles 20 on this page of 115 — 9 participants

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  A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-11-24 18:53 -0600
    Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Mikko <mikko.levanto@iki.fi> - 2025-11-25 11:40 +0200
      Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-11-25 08:21 -0600
        Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Mikko <mikko.levanto@iki.fi> - 2025-11-26 13:37 +0200
          Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-11-26 09:39 -0600
            Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Richard Damon <Richard@Damon-Family.org> - 2025-11-26 12:44 -0500
            Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Mikko <mikko.levanto@iki.fi> - 2025-11-27 09:56 +0200
              Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-11-27 09:31 -0600
                Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Mikko <mikko.levanto@iki.fi> - 2025-11-28 10:58 +0200
                  Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-11-28 09:51 -0600
                    Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Richard Damon <Richard@Damon-Family.org> - 2025-11-28 11:04 -0500
                    Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Mikko <mikko.levanto@iki.fi> - 2025-11-29 12:17 +0200
                      Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-11-29 11:54 -0600
                        Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Mikko <mikko.levanto@iki.fi> - 2025-11-30 11:22 +0200
          Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-11-26 09:54 -0600
            Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Richard Damon <Richard@Damon-Family.org> - 2025-11-26 12:49 -0500
            Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Tristan Wibberley <tristan.wibberley+netnews2@alumni.manchester.ac.uk> - 2025-11-26 19:43 +0000
              Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-11-26 14:04 -0600
                Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Kaz Kylheku <643-408-1753@kylheku.com> - 2025-11-26 21:42 +0000
                  Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Kaz Kylheku <643-408-1753@kylheku.com> - 2025-11-26 21:49 +0000
                    Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-11-26 15:54 -0600
                      Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning "Chris M. Thomasson" <chris.m.thomasson.1@gmail.com> - 2025-11-26 22:33 -0800
                  Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-11-26 15:50 -0600
                Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Tristan Wibberley <tristan.wibberley+netnews2@alumni.manchester.ac.uk> - 2025-12-02 11:26 +0000
                  Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-12-02 07:22 -0600
            Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Mikko <mikko.levanto@iki.fi> - 2025-11-27 10:00 +0200
              Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-11-27 09:43 -0600
                Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Mikko <mikko.levanto@iki.fi> - 2025-11-28 11:01 +0200
                  Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-11-28 09:54 -0600
                    Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de> - 2025-11-28 17:32 +0000
                      Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-11-28 12:40 -0600
                        Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de> - 2025-11-28 18:51 +0000
                          Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-11-28 13:21 -0600
                            Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-11-29 08:43 -0600
                            Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-12-03 19:59 -0600
                        Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Richard Damon <Richard@Damon-Family.org> - 2025-11-28 16:49 -0500
                      Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-12-03 20:07 -0600
                        Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-12-03 20:30 -0600
                    Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Mikko <mikko.levanto@iki.fi> - 2025-11-29 12:20 +0200
                      Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-11-29 11:57 -0600
                        Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Ross Finlayson <ross.a.finlayson@gmail.com> - 2025-11-29 11:27 -0800
                          Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-11-29 13:33 -0600
                            Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Ross Finlayson <ross.a.finlayson@gmail.com> - 2025-11-30 10:33 -0800
                        Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Mikko <mikko.levanto@iki.fi> - 2025-11-30 11:58 +0200
                          Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Tristan Wibberley <tristan.wibberley+netnews2@alumni.manchester.ac.uk> - 2025-12-04 02:32 +0000
                            Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-12-03 20:39 -0600
                            Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-12-04 08:06 -0600
                              Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Mikko <mikko.levanto@iki.fi> - 2025-12-05 11:38 +0200
                                Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-12-05 11:43 -0600
                                  Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Mikko <mikko.levanto@iki.fi> - 2025-12-06 11:30 +0200
                                    Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-12-06 06:50 -0600
                                      Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Mikko <mikko.levanto@iki.fi> - 2025-12-07 13:02 +0200
                                        Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-12-08 13:49 -0600
                                  Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Mikko <mikko.levanto@iki.fi> - 2025-12-08 11:13 +0200
                                    Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-12-08 13:09 -0600
                                      Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Mikko <mikko.levanto@iki.fi> - 2025-12-10 12:04 +0200
                                        Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-12-10 08:10 -0600
                                          Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Python <python@cccp.invalid> - 2025-12-10 15:01 +0000
                                            Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Python <python@cccp.invalid> - 2025-12-10 15:03 +0000
                                            Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-12-10 10:14 -0600
                                          Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Tristan Wibberley <tristan.wibberley+netnews2@alumni.manchester.ac.uk> - 2025-12-10 18:10 +0000
                                            Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-12-10 14:01 -0600
                                          Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Mikko <mikko.levanto@iki.fi> - 2025-12-11 10:42 +0200
                                            Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-12-11 08:17 -0600
                                              Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Tristan Wibberley <tristan.wibberley+netnews2@alumni.manchester.ac.uk> - 2025-12-11 23:28 +0000
                                                Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-12-11 17:49 -0600
                                                  Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Richard Damon <Richard@Damon-Family.org> - 2025-12-11 19:52 -0500
                                              Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Mikko <mikko.levanto@iki.fi> - 2025-12-12 10:50 +0200
                                                Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-12-12 08:19 -0600
                                                  Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Richard Damon <Richard@Damon-Family.org> - 2025-12-12 09:24 -0500
                                                    Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Tristan Wibberley <tristan.wibberley+netnews2@alumni.manchester.ac.uk> - 2025-12-14 19:03 +0000
                                                  Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Mikko <mikko.levanto@iki.fi> - 2025-12-13 12:19 +0200
                                                    Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-12-13 08:43 -0600
                                                      Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Richard Damon <Richard@Damon-Family.org> - 2025-12-13 13:36 -0500
                                                      Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Mikko <mikko.levanto@iki.fi> - 2025-12-14 12:05 +0200
                                                        Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-12-14 17:14 -0600
                                                          Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Richard Damon <Richard@Damon-Family.org> - 2025-12-14 19:13 -0500
                                                            Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-12-14 18:46 -0600
                                                              Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Richard Damon <Richard@Damon-Family.org> - 2025-12-14 19:53 -0500
                                                                Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-12-14 19:08 -0600
                                                                  Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Richard Damon <Richard@Damon-Family.org> - 2025-12-14 20:46 -0500
                                                                    Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-12-14 20:05 -0600
                                                                      Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Richard Damon <Richard@Damon-Family.org> - 2025-12-14 21:23 -0500
                                                                    Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-12-14 20:09 -0600
                                                                      Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Richard Damon <Richard@Damon-Family.org> - 2025-12-14 21:27 -0500
                                                                        Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-12-14 21:22 -0600
                                                                          Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Richard Damon <Richard@Damon-Family.org> - 2025-12-15 07:33 -0500
                                                          Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Mikko <mikko.levanto@iki.fi> - 2025-12-15 11:04 +0200
                                                            Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-12-15 08:03 -0600
                                                              Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Mikko <mikko.levanto@iki.fi> - 2025-12-16 11:44 +0200
                                                          Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Mikko <mikko.levanto@iki.fi> - 2025-12-16 11:48 +0200
                              Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Tristan Wibberley <tristan.wibberley+netnews2@alumni.manchester.ac.uk> - 2025-12-05 10:49 +0000
                                Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-12-05 11:05 -0600
                                  Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Tristan Wibberley <tristan.wibberley+netnews2@alumni.manchester.ac.uk> - 2025-12-06 08:24 +0000
                                    Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-12-06 06:08 -0600
                                      Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Tristan Wibberley <tristan.wibberley+netnews2@alumni.manchester.ac.uk> - 2025-12-06 13:03 +0000
                                        Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-12-06 07:14 -0600
                                Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Mikko <mikko.levanto@iki.fi> - 2025-12-08 11:18 +0200
                                Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-12-08 13:12 -0600
                                  Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Mikko <mikko.levanto@iki.fi> - 2025-12-10 12:10 +0200
                                    Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-12-10 10:29 -0600
                                      Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Mikko <mikko.levanto@iki.fi> - 2025-12-11 10:40 +0200
                                        Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-12-11 08:15 -0600
                                          Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Mikko <mikko.levanto@iki.fi> - 2025-12-12 10:46 +0200
                                            Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-12-12 08:16 -0600
                                              Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Richard Damon <Richard@Damon-Family.org> - 2025-12-12 09:22 -0500
                                              Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Mikko <mikko.levanto@iki.fi> - 2025-12-13 12:42 +0200
                                                Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-12-13 09:37 -0600
                                                  Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Python <python@cccp.invalid> - 2025-12-13 15:42 +0000
                            Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-12-05 11:00 -0600
                              Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Python <python@cccp.invalid> - 2025-12-05 22:17 +0000
                                Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-12-05 16:24 -0600
                                  Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Python <python@cccp.invalid> - 2025-12-05 22:45 +0000
                                    Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning Ross Finlayson <ross.a.finlayson@gmail.com> - 2025-12-05 15:16 -0800
                                      Re: A new foundation for correct reasoning olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> - 2025-12-05 17:45 -0600

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#641055 — A new foundation for correct reasoning

Fromolcott <polcott333@gmail.com>
Date2025-11-24 18:53 -0600
SubjectA new foundation for correct reasoning
Message-ID<10g2umt$2vnfa$1@dont-email.me>
Eliminating undecidability and mathematical incompleteness
merely requires discarding model theory and fully integrating
semantics directly into the syntax of the formal language.

The only inference step allowed is semantic logical
entailment and this is performed syntactically. A formal
language such as Montague Grammar or CycL of the Cyc
project can encode the semantics of anything that can
be expressed in language.



-- 
Copyright 2025 Olcott

My 28 year goal has been to make
"true on the basis of meaning" computable.

[toc] | [next] | [standalone]


#641059

FromMikko <mikko.levanto@iki.fi>
Date2025-11-25 11:40 +0200
Message-ID<10g3tj8$39v8g$1@dont-email.me>
In reply to#641055
olcott kirjoitti 25.11.2025 klo 2.53:
> Eliminating undecidability and mathematical incompleteness
> merely requires discarding model theory and fully integrating
> semantics directly into the syntax of the formal language.
> 
> The only inference step allowed is semantic logical
> entailment and this is performed syntactically. A formal
> language such as Montague Grammar or CycL of the Cyc
> project can encode the semantics of anything that can
> be expressed in language.

The resulting theory is not formal unless both the definition of
semantics and the definition of semantic logical entailment are
fully formal.


-- 
Mikko

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#641063

Fromolcott <polcott333@gmail.com>
Date2025-11-25 08:21 -0600
Message-ID<10g4e1v$3ggnk$1@dont-email.me>
In reply to#641059
On 11/25/2025 3:40 AM, Mikko wrote:
> olcott kirjoitti 25.11.2025 klo 2.53:
>> Eliminating undecidability and mathematical incompleteness
>> merely requires discarding model theory and fully integrating
>> semantics directly into the syntax of the formal language.
>>
>> The only inference step allowed is semantic logical
>> entailment and this is performed syntactically. A formal
>> language such as Montague Grammar or CycL of the Cyc
>> project can encode the semantics of anything that can
>> be expressed in language.
> 
> The resulting theory is not formal unless both the definition of
> semantics and the definition of semantic logical entailment are
> fully formal.
> 
> 

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/montague-semantics/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CycL
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)

*This was my original inspiration*
Kurt Gödel in his 1944 Russell's mathematical logic gave the following 
definition of the "theory of simple types" in a footnote:

By the theory of simple types I mean the doctrine which says that the 
objects of thought (or, in another interpretation, the symbolic 
expressions) are divided into types, namely: individuals, properties of 
individuals, relations between individuals, properties of such 
relations, etc. (with a similar hierarchy for extensions), and that 
sentences of the form: " a has the property φ ", " b bears the relation 
R to c ", etc. are meaningless, if a, b, c, R, φ are not of types 
fitting together.


-- 
Copyright 2025 Olcott

My 28 year goal has been to make
"true on the basis of meaning" computable.

[toc] | [prev] | [next] | [standalone]


#641200

FromMikko <mikko.levanto@iki.fi>
Date2025-11-26 13:37 +0200
Message-ID<10g6op4$ber5$1@dont-email.me>
In reply to#641063
olcott kirjoitti 25.11.2025 klo 16.21:
> On 11/25/2025 3:40 AM, Mikko wrote:
>> olcott kirjoitti 25.11.2025 klo 2.53:
>>> Eliminating undecidability and mathematical incompleteness
>>> merely requires discarding model theory and fully integrating
>>> semantics directly into the syntax of the formal language.
>>>
>>> The only inference step allowed is semantic logical
>>> entailment and this is performed syntactically. A formal
>>> language such as Montague Grammar or CycL of the Cyc
>>> project can encode the semantics of anything that can
>>> be expressed in language.
>>
>> The resulting theory is not formal unless both the definition of
>> semantics and the definition of semantic logical entailment are
>> fully formal.
>>
>>
> 
> https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/montague-semantics/
> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CycL
> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)
> 
> *This was my original inspiration*
> Kurt Gödel in his 1944 Russell's mathematical logic gave the following 
> definition of the "theory of simple types" in a footnote:
> 
> By the theory of simple types I mean the doctrine which says that the 
> objects of thought (or, in another interpretation, the symbolic 
> expressions) are divided into types, namely: individuals, properties of 
> individuals, relations between individuals, properties of such 
> relations, etc. (with a similar hierarchy for extensions), and that 
> sentences of the form: " a has the property φ ", " b bears the relation 
> R to c ", etc. are meaningless, if a, b, c, R, φ are not of types 
> fitting together.

That is a constraint on the language. Note that individuals of all sorts
are considered to be of the same type. For properies and relation the
alternative would be that a predicate is false if any of the arguments
are of wrong type. For functions it is harder to find a reasonable value
if an argument is of wrong type.

This is of course irrelevant to the point that the resulting theory is
not formal unless both the definition of semantics and the definition of
semantic logical entailment are fully formal.

-- 
Mikko

[toc] | [prev] | [next] | [standalone]


#641219

Fromolcott <polcott333@gmail.com>
Date2025-11-26 09:39 -0600
Message-ID<10g76us$h4u7$1@dont-email.me>
In reply to#641200
On 11/26/2025 5:37 AM, Mikko wrote:
> olcott kirjoitti 25.11.2025 klo 16.21:
>> On 11/25/2025 3:40 AM, Mikko wrote:
>>> olcott kirjoitti 25.11.2025 klo 2.53:
>>>> Eliminating undecidability and mathematical incompleteness
>>>> merely requires discarding model theory and fully integrating
>>>> semantics directly into the syntax of the formal language.
>>>>
>>>> The only inference step allowed is semantic logical
>>>> entailment and this is performed syntactically. A formal
>>>> language such as Montague Grammar or CycL of the Cyc
>>>> project can encode the semantics of anything that can
>>>> be expressed in language.
>>>
>>> The resulting theory is not formal unless both the definition of
>>> semantics and the definition of semantic logical entailment are
>>> fully formal.
>>>
>>>
>>
>> https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/montague-semantics/
>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CycL
>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)
>>
>> *This was my original inspiration*
>> Kurt Gödel in his 1944 Russell's mathematical logic gave the following 
>> definition of the "theory of simple types" in a footnote:
>>
>> By the theory of simple types I mean the doctrine which says that the 
>> objects of thought (or, in another interpretation, the symbolic 
>> expressions) are divided into types, namely: individuals, properties 
>> of individuals, relations between individuals, properties of such 
>> relations, etc. (with a similar hierarchy for extensions), and that 
>> sentences of the form: " a has the property φ ", " b bears the 
>> relation R to c ", etc. are meaningless, if a, b, c, R, φ are not of 
>> types fitting together.
> 
> That is a constraint on the language. Note that individuals of all sorts
> are considered to be of the same type. For properies and relation the
> alternative would be that a predicate is false if any of the arguments
> are of wrong type. For functions it is harder to find a reasonable value
> if an argument is of wrong type.
> 
> This is of course irrelevant to the point that the resulting theory is
> not formal unless both the definition of semantics and the definition of
> semantic logical entailment are fully formal.
> 

The body of knowledge is defined in terms of Rudolf Carnap Meaning 
Postulates and stored in a knowledge ontology inheritance hierarchy.

The predicate Bachelor(x) is stipulated to mean ~Married(x) where the 
predicate Married(x) is defined in terms of billions of other things 
such as all of the details of Human(x).

-- 
Copyright 2025 Olcott

My 28 year goal has been to make
"true on the basis of meaning" computable.

This required establishing a new foundation
for correct reasoning.

[toc] | [prev] | [next] | [standalone]


#641222

FromRichard Damon <Richard@Damon-Family.org>
Date2025-11-26 12:44 -0500
Message-ID<60HVQ.49149$r_jb.46295@fx11.iad>
In reply to#641219
On 11/26/25 10:39 AM, olcott wrote:
> On 11/26/2025 5:37 AM, Mikko wrote:
>> olcott kirjoitti 25.11.2025 klo 16.21:
>>> On 11/25/2025 3:40 AM, Mikko wrote:
>>>> olcott kirjoitti 25.11.2025 klo 2.53:
>>>>> Eliminating undecidability and mathematical incompleteness
>>>>> merely requires discarding model theory and fully integrating
>>>>> semantics directly into the syntax of the formal language.
>>>>>
>>>>> The only inference step allowed is semantic logical
>>>>> entailment and this is performed syntactically. A formal
>>>>> language such as Montague Grammar or CycL of the Cyc
>>>>> project can encode the semantics of anything that can
>>>>> be expressed in language.
>>>>
>>>> The resulting theory is not formal unless both the definition of
>>>> semantics and the definition of semantic logical entailment are
>>>> fully formal.
>>>>
>>>>
>>>
>>> https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/montague-semantics/
>>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CycL
>>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)
>>>
>>> *This was my original inspiration*
>>> Kurt Gödel in his 1944 Russell's mathematical logic gave the 
>>> following definition of the "theory of simple types" in a footnote:
>>>
>>> By the theory of simple types I mean the doctrine which says that the 
>>> objects of thought (or, in another interpretation, the symbolic 
>>> expressions) are divided into types, namely: individuals, properties 
>>> of individuals, relations between individuals, properties of such 
>>> relations, etc. (with a similar hierarchy for extensions), and that 
>>> sentences of the form: " a has the property φ ", " b bears the 
>>> relation R to c ", etc. are meaningless, if a, b, c, R, φ are not of 
>>> types fitting together.
>>
>> That is a constraint on the language. Note that individuals of all sorts
>> are considered to be of the same type. For properies and relation the
>> alternative would be that a predicate is false if any of the arguments
>> are of wrong type. For functions it is harder to find a reasonable value
>> if an argument is of wrong type.
>>
>> This is of course irrelevant to the point that the resulting theory is
>> not formal unless both the definition of semantics and the definition of
>> semantic logical entailment are fully formal.
>>
> 
> The body of knowledge is defined in terms of Rudolf Carnap Meaning 
> Postulates and stored in a knowledge ontology inheritance hierarchy.
> 
> The predicate Bachelor(x) is stipulated to mean ~Married(x) where the 
> predicate Married(x) is defined in terms of billions of other things 
> such as all of the details of Human(x).
> 

IN *YOUR* system, but not in his.

All you are doing is admitting you don't beleive in keeping sematics, 
but think lying by changing meaning is valid.

Of course, it seems you are too brain dead to understand what that means.

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#641298

FromMikko <mikko.levanto@iki.fi>
Date2025-11-27 09:56 +0200
Message-ID<10g908c$16u06$1@dont-email.me>
In reply to#641219
olcott kirjoitti 26.11.2025 klo 17.39:
> On 11/26/2025 5:37 AM, Mikko wrote:
>> olcott kirjoitti 25.11.2025 klo 16.21:
>>> On 11/25/2025 3:40 AM, Mikko wrote:
>>>> olcott kirjoitti 25.11.2025 klo 2.53:
>>>>> Eliminating undecidability and mathematical incompleteness
>>>>> merely requires discarding model theory and fully integrating
>>>>> semantics directly into the syntax of the formal language.
>>>>>
>>>>> The only inference step allowed is semantic logical
>>>>> entailment and this is performed syntactically. A formal
>>>>> language such as Montague Grammar or CycL of the Cyc
>>>>> project can encode the semantics of anything that can
>>>>> be expressed in language.
>>>>
>>>> The resulting theory is not formal unless both the definition of
>>>> semantics and the definition of semantic logical entailment are
>>>> fully formal.
>>>>
>>>>
>>>
>>> https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/montague-semantics/
>>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CycL
>>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)
>>>
>>> *This was my original inspiration*
>>> Kurt Gödel in his 1944 Russell's mathematical logic gave the 
>>> following definition of the "theory of simple types" in a footnote:
>>>
>>> By the theory of simple types I mean the doctrine which says that the 
>>> objects of thought (or, in another interpretation, the symbolic 
>>> expressions) are divided into types, namely: individuals, properties 
>>> of individuals, relations between individuals, properties of such 
>>> relations, etc. (with a similar hierarchy for extensions), and that 
>>> sentences of the form: " a has the property φ ", " b bears the 
>>> relation R to c ", etc. are meaningless, if a, b, c, R, φ are not of 
>>> types fitting together.
>>
>> That is a constraint on the language. Note that individuals of all sorts
>> are considered to be of the same type. For properies and relation the
>> alternative would be that a predicate is false if any of the arguments
>> are of wrong type. For functions it is harder to find a reasonable value
>> if an argument is of wrong type.
>>
>> This is of course irrelevant to the point that the resulting theory is
>> not formal unless both the definition of semantics and the definition of
>> semantic logical entailment are fully formal.
> 
> The body of knowledge is defined in terms of Rudolf Carnap Meaning 
> Postulates and stored in a knowledge ontology inheritance hierarchy.
> 
> The predicate Bachelor(x) is stipulated to mean ~Married(x) where the 
> predicate Married(x) is defined in terms of billions of other things 
> such as all of the details of Human(x).

That, too, is irrelevant to the point that the resulting theory is not
formal unless both the definition of semantics and the definition of
semantic logical entailment are fully formal.

-- 
Mikko

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#641314

Fromolcott <polcott333@gmail.com>
Date2025-11-27 09:31 -0600
Message-ID<10g9qtb$1hca0$1@dont-email.me>
In reply to#641298
On 11/27/2025 1:56 AM, Mikko wrote:
> olcott kirjoitti 26.11.2025 klo 17.39:
>> On 11/26/2025 5:37 AM, Mikko wrote:
>>> olcott kirjoitti 25.11.2025 klo 16.21:
>>>> On 11/25/2025 3:40 AM, Mikko wrote:
>>>>> olcott kirjoitti 25.11.2025 klo 2.53:
>>>>>> Eliminating undecidability and mathematical incompleteness
>>>>>> merely requires discarding model theory and fully integrating
>>>>>> semantics directly into the syntax of the formal language.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> The only inference step allowed is semantic logical
>>>>>> entailment and this is performed syntactically. A formal
>>>>>> language such as Montague Grammar or CycL of the Cyc
>>>>>> project can encode the semantics of anything that can
>>>>>> be expressed in language.
>>>>>
>>>>> The resulting theory is not formal unless both the definition of
>>>>> semantics and the definition of semantic logical entailment are
>>>>> fully formal.
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>
>>>> https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/montague-semantics/
>>>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CycL
>>>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)
>>>>
>>>> *This was my original inspiration*
>>>> Kurt Gödel in his 1944 Russell's mathematical logic gave the 
>>>> following definition of the "theory of simple types" in a footnote:
>>>>
>>>> By the theory of simple types I mean the doctrine which says that 
>>>> the objects of thought (or, in another interpretation, the symbolic 
>>>> expressions) are divided into types, namely: individuals, properties 
>>>> of individuals, relations between individuals, properties of such 
>>>> relations, etc. (with a similar hierarchy for extensions), and that 
>>>> sentences of the form: " a has the property φ ", " b bears the 
>>>> relation R to c ", etc. are meaningless, if a, b, c, R, φ are not of 
>>>> types fitting together.
>>>
>>> That is a constraint on the language. Note that individuals of all sorts
>>> are considered to be of the same type. For properies and relation the
>>> alternative would be that a predicate is false if any of the arguments
>>> are of wrong type. For functions it is harder to find a reasonable value
>>> if an argument is of wrong type.
>>>
>>> This is of course irrelevant to the point that the resulting theory is
>>> not formal unless both the definition of semantics and the definition of
>>> semantic logical entailment are fully formal.
>>
>> The body of knowledge is defined in terms of Rudolf Carnap Meaning 
>> Postulates and stored in a knowledge ontology inheritance hierarchy.
>>
>> The predicate Bachelor(x) is stipulated to mean ~Married(x) where the 
>> predicate Married(x) is defined in terms of billions of other things 
>> such as all of the details of Human(x).
> 
> That, too, is irrelevant to the point that the resulting theory is not
> formal unless both the definition of semantics and the definition of
> semantic logical entailment are fully formal.
> 

In Olcott's Minimal Type Theory Rudolf Carnap Meaning
Postulates directly encode semantic meaning in the syntax.

The meaningless finite string "Bachelor" is defined as
a semantic predicate through other already defined terms
∀x (Bachelor(x) := (Male(x) ∧ Human(x) ∧ ~Married(x)))
Adapted by Olcott from Rudolf Carnap Meaning postulates.

And encoded in the syntax of Olcott's Minimal Type Theory
https://philarchive.org/archive/PETMTT-4v2

The predicate Human(x) requires trillions of other
Meaning postulates to provide all of its semantic meaning.

-- 
Copyright 2025 Olcott

My 28 year goal has been to make
"true on the basis of meaning" computable.

This required establishing a new foundation
for correct reasoning.

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#641333

FromMikko <mikko.levanto@iki.fi>
Date2025-11-28 10:58 +0200
Message-ID<10gbo88$28ikt$1@dont-email.me>
In reply to#641314
olcott kirjoitti 27.11.2025 klo 17.31:
> On 11/27/2025 1:56 AM, Mikko wrote:
>> olcott kirjoitti 26.11.2025 klo 17.39:
>>> On 11/26/2025 5:37 AM, Mikko wrote:
>>>> olcott kirjoitti 25.11.2025 klo 16.21:
>>>>> On 11/25/2025 3:40 AM, Mikko wrote:
>>>>>> olcott kirjoitti 25.11.2025 klo 2.53:
>>>>>>> Eliminating undecidability and mathematical incompleteness
>>>>>>> merely requires discarding model theory and fully integrating
>>>>>>> semantics directly into the syntax of the formal language.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> The only inference step allowed is semantic logical
>>>>>>> entailment and this is performed syntactically. A formal
>>>>>>> language such as Montague Grammar or CycL of the Cyc
>>>>>>> project can encode the semantics of anything that can
>>>>>>> be expressed in language.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> The resulting theory is not formal unless both the definition of
>>>>>> semantics and the definition of semantic logical entailment are
>>>>>> fully formal.
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>> https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/montague-semantics/
>>>>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CycL
>>>>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)
>>>>>
>>>>> *This was my original inspiration*
>>>>> Kurt Gödel in his 1944 Russell's mathematical logic gave the 
>>>>> following definition of the "theory of simple types" in a footnote:
>>>>>
>>>>> By the theory of simple types I mean the doctrine which says that 
>>>>> the objects of thought (or, in another interpretation, the symbolic 
>>>>> expressions) are divided into types, namely: individuals, 
>>>>> properties of individuals, relations between individuals, 
>>>>> properties of such relations, etc. (with a similar hierarchy for 
>>>>> extensions), and that sentences of the form: " a has the property φ 
>>>>> ", " b bears the relation R to c ", etc. are meaningless, if a, b, 
>>>>> c, R, φ are not of types fitting together.
>>>>
>>>> That is a constraint on the language. Note that individuals of all 
>>>> sorts
>>>> are considered to be of the same type. For properies and relation the
>>>> alternative would be that a predicate is false if any of the arguments
>>>> are of wrong type. For functions it is harder to find a reasonable 
>>>> value
>>>> if an argument is of wrong type.
>>>>
>>>> This is of course irrelevant to the point that the resulting theory is
>>>> not formal unless both the definition of semantics and the 
>>>> definition of
>>>> semantic logical entailment are fully formal.
>>>
>>> The body of knowledge is defined in terms of Rudolf Carnap Meaning 
>>> Postulates and stored in a knowledge ontology inheritance hierarchy.
>>>
>>> The predicate Bachelor(x) is stipulated to mean ~Married(x) where the 
>>> predicate Married(x) is defined in terms of billions of other things 
>>> such as all of the details of Human(x).
>>
>> That, too, is irrelevant to the point that the resulting theory is not
>> formal unless both the definition of semantics and the definition of
>> semantic logical entailment are fully formal.

> In Olcott's Minimal Type Theory Rudolf Carnap Meaning
> Postulates directly encode semantic meaning in the syntax.

if the encoding is not fully formally specified the theory is not
formal.

> The meaningless finite string "Bachelor" is defined as
> a semantic predicate through other already defined terms
> ∀x (Bachelor(x) := (Male(x) ∧ Human(x) ∧ ~Married(x)))
> Adapted by Olcott from Rudolf Carnap Meaning postulates.
> 
> And encoded in the syntax of Olcott's Minimal Type Theory
> https://philarchive.org/archive/PETMTT-4v2

That page only tells how to define a sentence in terms of other
sentences. As it does not permit any arguments on the left side of :=
the expression ∀x (Bachelor(x) := (Male(x) ∧ Human(x) ∧ ~Married(x)))
is syntactically invalid.

-- 
Mikko

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#641348

Fromolcott <polcott333@gmail.com>
Date2025-11-28 09:51 -0600
Message-ID<10gcgd9$2hrab$1@dont-email.me>
In reply to#641333
On 11/28/2025 2:58 AM, Mikko wrote:
> olcott kirjoitti 27.11.2025 klo 17.31:
>> On 11/27/2025 1:56 AM, Mikko wrote:
>>> olcott kirjoitti 26.11.2025 klo 17.39:
>>>> On 11/26/2025 5:37 AM, Mikko wrote:
>>>>> olcott kirjoitti 25.11.2025 klo 16.21:
>>>>>> On 11/25/2025 3:40 AM, Mikko wrote:
>>>>>>> olcott kirjoitti 25.11.2025 klo 2.53:
>>>>>>>> Eliminating undecidability and mathematical incompleteness
>>>>>>>> merely requires discarding model theory and fully integrating
>>>>>>>> semantics directly into the syntax of the formal language.
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> The only inference step allowed is semantic logical
>>>>>>>> entailment and this is performed syntactically. A formal
>>>>>>>> language such as Montague Grammar or CycL of the Cyc
>>>>>>>> project can encode the semantics of anything that can
>>>>>>>> be expressed in language.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> The resulting theory is not formal unless both the definition of
>>>>>>> semantics and the definition of semantic logical entailment are
>>>>>>> fully formal.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/montague-semantics/
>>>>>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CycL
>>>>>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)
>>>>>>
>>>>>> *This was my original inspiration*
>>>>>> Kurt Gödel in his 1944 Russell's mathematical logic gave the 
>>>>>> following definition of the "theory of simple types" in a footnote:
>>>>>>
>>>>>> By the theory of simple types I mean the doctrine which says that 
>>>>>> the objects of thought (or, in another interpretation, the 
>>>>>> symbolic expressions) are divided into types, namely: individuals, 
>>>>>> properties of individuals, relations between individuals, 
>>>>>> properties of such relations, etc. (with a similar hierarchy for 
>>>>>> extensions), and that sentences of the form: " a has the property 
>>>>>> φ ", " b bears the relation R to c ", etc. are meaningless, if a, 
>>>>>> b, c, R, φ are not of types fitting together.
>>>>>
>>>>> That is a constraint on the language. Note that individuals of all 
>>>>> sorts
>>>>> are considered to be of the same type. For properies and relation the
>>>>> alternative would be that a predicate is false if any of the arguments
>>>>> are of wrong type. For functions it is harder to find a reasonable 
>>>>> value
>>>>> if an argument is of wrong type.
>>>>>
>>>>> This is of course irrelevant to the point that the resulting theory is
>>>>> not formal unless both the definition of semantics and the 
>>>>> definition of
>>>>> semantic logical entailment are fully formal.
>>>>
>>>> The body of knowledge is defined in terms of Rudolf Carnap Meaning 
>>>> Postulates and stored in a knowledge ontology inheritance hierarchy.
>>>>
>>>> The predicate Bachelor(x) is stipulated to mean ~Married(x) where 
>>>> the predicate Married(x) is defined in terms of billions of other 
>>>> things such as all of the details of Human(x).
>>>
>>> That, too, is irrelevant to the point that the resulting theory is not
>>> formal unless both the definition of semantics and the definition of
>>> semantic logical entailment are fully formal.
> 
>> In Olcott's Minimal Type Theory Rudolf Carnap Meaning
>> Postulates directly encode semantic meaning in the syntax.
> 
> if the encoding is not fully formally specified the theory is not
> formal.
> 
>> The meaningless finite string "Bachelor" is defined as
>> a semantic predicate through other already defined terms
>> ∀x (Bachelor(x) := (Male(x) ∧ Human(x) ∧ ~Married(x)))
>> Adapted by Olcott from Rudolf Carnap Meaning postulates.
>>
>> And encoded in the syntax of Olcott's Minimal Type Theory
>> https://philarchive.org/archive/PETMTT-4v2
> 
> That page only tells how to define a sentence in terms of other
> sentences. As it does not permit any arguments on the left side of :=
> the expression ∀x (Bachelor(x) := (Male(x) ∧ Human(x) ∧ ~Married(x)))
> is syntactically invalid.
> 

∀x ∈ Human (Bachelor(x) ↔ (Male(x) ∧ Adult(x) ∧ ~Married(x)))

<sentence_7  token="FOR_ALL">
  <sentence_7  token="ELEMENT_OF">
   <sentence_7  token="IDENTIFIER"  value="x"/>
   <sentence_7  token="IDENTIFIER"  value="Human"/>
  </sentence_7>
  <sentence_11  token="IFF">
   <atomic_sentence_1  token="IDENTIFIER"  value="Bachelor">
    <term_2  token="IDENTIFIER"  value="x"/>
   </atomic_sentence_1>
   <sentence_12  token="AND">
    <sentence_12  token="AND">
     <atomic_sentence_1  token="IDENTIFIER"  value="Male">
      <term_2  token="IDENTIFIER"  value="x"/>
     </atomic_sentence_1>
     <atomic_sentence_1  token="IDENTIFIER"  value="Adult">
      <term_2  token="IDENTIFIER"  value="x"/>
     </atomic_sentence_1>
    </sentence_12>
    <sentence_2  token="NOT">
     <atomic_sentence_1  token="IDENTIFIER"  value="Married">
      <term_2  token="IDENTIFIER"  value="x"/>
     </atomic_sentence_1>
    </sentence_2>
   </sentence_12>
  </sentence_11>
</sentence_7>


-- 
Copyright 2025 Olcott

My 28 year goal has been to make
"true on the basis of meaning" computable.

This required establishing a new foundation
for correct reasoning.

[toc] | [prev] | [next] | [standalone]


#641352

FromRichard Damon <Richard@Damon-Family.org>
Date2025-11-28 11:04 -0500
Message-ID<JKjWQ.63584$C8i7.62818@fx16.iad>
In reply to#641348
On 11/28/25 10:51 AM, olcott wrote:
> On 11/28/2025 2:58 AM, Mikko wrote:
>> olcott kirjoitti 27.11.2025 klo 17.31:
>>> On 11/27/2025 1:56 AM, Mikko wrote:
>>>> olcott kirjoitti 26.11.2025 klo 17.39:
>>>>> On 11/26/2025 5:37 AM, Mikko wrote:
>>>>>> olcott kirjoitti 25.11.2025 klo 16.21:
>>>>>>> On 11/25/2025 3:40 AM, Mikko wrote:
>>>>>>>> olcott kirjoitti 25.11.2025 klo 2.53:
>>>>>>>>> Eliminating undecidability and mathematical incompleteness
>>>>>>>>> merely requires discarding model theory and fully integrating
>>>>>>>>> semantics directly into the syntax of the formal language.
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> The only inference step allowed is semantic logical
>>>>>>>>> entailment and this is performed syntactically. A formal
>>>>>>>>> language such as Montague Grammar or CycL of the Cyc
>>>>>>>>> project can encode the semantics of anything that can
>>>>>>>>> be expressed in language.
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> The resulting theory is not formal unless both the definition of
>>>>>>>> semantics and the definition of semantic logical entailment are
>>>>>>>> fully formal.
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/montague-semantics/
>>>>>>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CycL
>>>>>>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> *This was my original inspiration*
>>>>>>> Kurt Gödel in his 1944 Russell's mathematical logic gave the 
>>>>>>> following definition of the "theory of simple types" in a footnote:
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> By the theory of simple types I mean the doctrine which says that 
>>>>>>> the objects of thought (or, in another interpretation, the 
>>>>>>> symbolic expressions) are divided into types, namely: 
>>>>>>> individuals, properties of individuals, relations between 
>>>>>>> individuals, properties of such relations, etc. (with a similar 
>>>>>>> hierarchy for extensions), and that sentences of the form: " a 
>>>>>>> has the property φ ", " b bears the relation R to c ", etc. are 
>>>>>>> meaningless, if a, b, c, R, φ are not of types fitting together.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> That is a constraint on the language. Note that individuals of all 
>>>>>> sorts
>>>>>> are considered to be of the same type. For properies and relation the
>>>>>> alternative would be that a predicate is false if any of the 
>>>>>> arguments
>>>>>> are of wrong type. For functions it is harder to find a reasonable 
>>>>>> value
>>>>>> if an argument is of wrong type.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> This is of course irrelevant to the point that the resulting 
>>>>>> theory is
>>>>>> not formal unless both the definition of semantics and the 
>>>>>> definition of
>>>>>> semantic logical entailment are fully formal.
>>>>>
>>>>> The body of knowledge is defined in terms of Rudolf Carnap Meaning 
>>>>> Postulates and stored in a knowledge ontology inheritance hierarchy.
>>>>>
>>>>> The predicate Bachelor(x) is stipulated to mean ~Married(x) where 
>>>>> the predicate Married(x) is defined in terms of billions of other 
>>>>> things such as all of the details of Human(x).
>>>>
>>>> That, too, is irrelevant to the point that the resulting theory is not
>>>> formal unless both the definition of semantics and the definition of
>>>> semantic logical entailment are fully formal.
>>
>>> In Olcott's Minimal Type Theory Rudolf Carnap Meaning
>>> Postulates directly encode semantic meaning in the syntax.
>>
>> if the encoding is not fully formally specified the theory is not
>> formal.
>>
>>> The meaningless finite string "Bachelor" is defined as
>>> a semantic predicate through other already defined terms
>>> ∀x (Bachelor(x) := (Male(x) ∧ Human(x) ∧ ~Married(x)))
>>> Adapted by Olcott from Rudolf Carnap Meaning postulates.
>>>
>>> And encoded in the syntax of Olcott's Minimal Type Theory
>>> https://philarchive.org/archive/PETMTT-4v2
>>
>> That page only tells how to define a sentence in terms of other
>> sentences. As it does not permit any arguments on the left side of :=
>> the expression ∀x (Bachelor(x) := (Male(x) ∧ Human(x) ∧ ~Married(x)))
>> is syntactically invalid.
>>
> 
> ∀x ∈ Human (Bachelor(x) ↔ (Male(x) ∧ Adult(x) ∧ ~Married(x)))

But that isn't the definition of Bachelor that he was talking about.

You just don't understand the issue he was pointing out about Natural 
Language.


> 
> <sentence_7  token="FOR_ALL">
>   <sentence_7  token="ELEMENT_OF">
>    <sentence_7  token="IDENTIFIER"  value="x"/>
>    <sentence_7  token="IDENTIFIER"  value="Human"/>
>   </sentence_7>
>   <sentence_11  token="IFF">
>    <atomic_sentence_1  token="IDENTIFIER"  value="Bachelor">
>     <term_2  token="IDENTIFIER"  value="x"/>
>    </atomic_sentence_1>
>    <sentence_12  token="AND">
>     <sentence_12  token="AND">
>      <atomic_sentence_1  token="IDENTIFIER"  value="Male">
>       <term_2  token="IDENTIFIER"  value="x"/>
>      </atomic_sentence_1>
>      <atomic_sentence_1  token="IDENTIFIER"  value="Adult">
>       <term_2  token="IDENTIFIER"  value="x"/>
>      </atomic_sentence_1>
>     </sentence_12>
>     <sentence_2  token="NOT">
>      <atomic_sentence_1  token="IDENTIFIER"  value="Married">
>       <term_2  token="IDENTIFIER"  value="x"/>
>      </atomic_sentence_1>
>     </sentence_2>
>    </sentence_12>
>   </sentence_11>
> </sentence_7>
> 
> 

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#641392

FromMikko <mikko.levanto@iki.fi>
Date2025-11-29 12:17 +0200
Message-ID<10geh87$38pe7$1@dont-email.me>
In reply to#641348
olcott kirjoitti 28.11.2025 klo 17.51:
> On 11/28/2025 2:58 AM, Mikko wrote:
>> olcott kirjoitti 27.11.2025 klo 17.31:
>>> On 11/27/2025 1:56 AM, Mikko wrote:
>>>> olcott kirjoitti 26.11.2025 klo 17.39:
>>>>> On 11/26/2025 5:37 AM, Mikko wrote:
>>>>>> olcott kirjoitti 25.11.2025 klo 16.21:
>>>>>>> On 11/25/2025 3:40 AM, Mikko wrote:
>>>>>>>> olcott kirjoitti 25.11.2025 klo 2.53:
>>>>>>>>> Eliminating undecidability and mathematical incompleteness
>>>>>>>>> merely requires discarding model theory and fully integrating
>>>>>>>>> semantics directly into the syntax of the formal language.
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> The only inference step allowed is semantic logical
>>>>>>>>> entailment and this is performed syntactically. A formal
>>>>>>>>> language such as Montague Grammar or CycL of the Cyc
>>>>>>>>> project can encode the semantics of anything that can
>>>>>>>>> be expressed in language.
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> The resulting theory is not formal unless both the definition of
>>>>>>>> semantics and the definition of semantic logical entailment are
>>>>>>>> fully formal.
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/montague-semantics/
>>>>>>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CycL
>>>>>>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> *This was my original inspiration*
>>>>>>> Kurt Gödel in his 1944 Russell's mathematical logic gave the 
>>>>>>> following definition of the "theory of simple types" in a footnote:
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> By the theory of simple types I mean the doctrine which says that 
>>>>>>> the objects of thought (or, in another interpretation, the 
>>>>>>> symbolic expressions) are divided into types, namely: 
>>>>>>> individuals, properties of individuals, relations between 
>>>>>>> individuals, properties of such relations, etc. (with a similar 
>>>>>>> hierarchy for extensions), and that sentences of the form: " a 
>>>>>>> has the property φ ", " b bears the relation R to c ", etc. are 
>>>>>>> meaningless, if a, b, c, R, φ are not of types fitting together.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> That is a constraint on the language. Note that individuals of all 
>>>>>> sorts
>>>>>> are considered to be of the same type. For properies and relation the
>>>>>> alternative would be that a predicate is false if any of the 
>>>>>> arguments
>>>>>> are of wrong type. For functions it is harder to find a reasonable 
>>>>>> value
>>>>>> if an argument is of wrong type.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> This is of course irrelevant to the point that the resulting 
>>>>>> theory is
>>>>>> not formal unless both the definition of semantics and the 
>>>>>> definition of
>>>>>> semantic logical entailment are fully formal.
>>>>>
>>>>> The body of knowledge is defined in terms of Rudolf Carnap Meaning 
>>>>> Postulates and stored in a knowledge ontology inheritance hierarchy.
>>>>>
>>>>> The predicate Bachelor(x) is stipulated to mean ~Married(x) where 
>>>>> the predicate Married(x) is defined in terms of billions of other 
>>>>> things such as all of the details of Human(x).
>>>>
>>>> That, too, is irrelevant to the point that the resulting theory is not
>>>> formal unless both the definition of semantics and the definition of
>>>> semantic logical entailment are fully formal.
>>
>>> In Olcott's Minimal Type Theory Rudolf Carnap Meaning
>>> Postulates directly encode semantic meaning in the syntax.
>>
>> if the encoding is not fully formally specified the theory is not
>> formal.
>>
>>> The meaningless finite string "Bachelor" is defined as
>>> a semantic predicate through other already defined terms
>>> ∀x (Bachelor(x) := (Male(x) ∧ Human(x) ∧ ~Married(x)))
>>> Adapted by Olcott from Rudolf Carnap Meaning postulates.
>>>
>>> And encoded in the syntax of Olcott's Minimal Type Theory
>>> https://philarchive.org/archive/PETMTT-4v2
>>
>> That page only tells how to define a sentence in terms of other
>> sentences. As it does not permit any arguments on the left side of :=
>> the expression ∀x (Bachelor(x) := (Male(x) ∧ Human(x) ∧ ~Married(x)))
>> is syntactically invalid.
> 
> ∀x ∈ Human (Bachelor(x) ↔ (Male(x) ∧ Adult(x) ∧ ~Married(x)))

That is a different sentence. The syntax rules of
     https://philarchive.org/archive/PETMTT-4v2
are different for := and =.

-- 
Mikko

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#641413

Fromolcott <polcott333@gmail.com>
Date2025-11-29 11:54 -0600
Message-ID<10gfc03$3j8a6$1@dont-email.me>
In reply to#641392
On 11/29/2025 4:17 AM, Mikko wrote:
> olcott kirjoitti 28.11.2025 klo 17.51:
>> On 11/28/2025 2:58 AM, Mikko wrote:
>>> olcott kirjoitti 27.11.2025 klo 17.31:
>>>> On 11/27/2025 1:56 AM, Mikko wrote:
>>>>> olcott kirjoitti 26.11.2025 klo 17.39:
>>>>>> On 11/26/2025 5:37 AM, Mikko wrote:
>>>>>>> olcott kirjoitti 25.11.2025 klo 16.21:
>>>>>>>> On 11/25/2025 3:40 AM, Mikko wrote:
>>>>>>>>> olcott kirjoitti 25.11.2025 klo 2.53:
>>>>>>>>>> Eliminating undecidability and mathematical incompleteness
>>>>>>>>>> merely requires discarding model theory and fully integrating
>>>>>>>>>> semantics directly into the syntax of the formal language.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> The only inference step allowed is semantic logical
>>>>>>>>>> entailment and this is performed syntactically. A formal
>>>>>>>>>> language such as Montague Grammar or CycL of the Cyc
>>>>>>>>>> project can encode the semantics of anything that can
>>>>>>>>>> be expressed in language.
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> The resulting theory is not formal unless both the definition of
>>>>>>>>> semantics and the definition of semantic logical entailment are
>>>>>>>>> fully formal.
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/montague-semantics/
>>>>>>>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CycL
>>>>>>>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> *This was my original inspiration*
>>>>>>>> Kurt Gödel in his 1944 Russell's mathematical logic gave the 
>>>>>>>> following definition of the "theory of simple types" in a footnote:
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> By the theory of simple types I mean the doctrine which says 
>>>>>>>> that the objects of thought (or, in another interpretation, the 
>>>>>>>> symbolic expressions) are divided into types, namely: 
>>>>>>>> individuals, properties of individuals, relations between 
>>>>>>>> individuals, properties of such relations, etc. (with a similar 
>>>>>>>> hierarchy for extensions), and that sentences of the form: " a 
>>>>>>>> has the property φ ", " b bears the relation R to c ", etc. are 
>>>>>>>> meaningless, if a, b, c, R, φ are not of types fitting together.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> That is a constraint on the language. Note that individuals of 
>>>>>>> all sorts
>>>>>>> are considered to be of the same type. For properies and relation 
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> alternative would be that a predicate is false if any of the 
>>>>>>> arguments
>>>>>>> are of wrong type. For functions it is harder to find a 
>>>>>>> reasonable value
>>>>>>> if an argument is of wrong type.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> This is of course irrelevant to the point that the resulting 
>>>>>>> theory is
>>>>>>> not formal unless both the definition of semantics and the 
>>>>>>> definition of
>>>>>>> semantic logical entailment are fully formal.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> The body of knowledge is defined in terms of Rudolf Carnap Meaning 
>>>>>> Postulates and stored in a knowledge ontology inheritance hierarchy.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> The predicate Bachelor(x) is stipulated to mean ~Married(x) where 
>>>>>> the predicate Married(x) is defined in terms of billions of other 
>>>>>> things such as all of the details of Human(x).
>>>>>
>>>>> That, too, is irrelevant to the point that the resulting theory is not
>>>>> formal unless both the definition of semantics and the definition of
>>>>> semantic logical entailment are fully formal.
>>>
>>>> In Olcott's Minimal Type Theory Rudolf Carnap Meaning
>>>> Postulates directly encode semantic meaning in the syntax.
>>>
>>> if the encoding is not fully formally specified the theory is not
>>> formal.
>>>
>>>> The meaningless finite string "Bachelor" is defined as
>>>> a semantic predicate through other already defined terms
>>>> ∀x (Bachelor(x) := (Male(x) ∧ Human(x) ∧ ~Married(x)))
>>>> Adapted by Olcott from Rudolf Carnap Meaning postulates.
>>>>
>>>> And encoded in the syntax of Olcott's Minimal Type Theory
>>>> https://philarchive.org/archive/PETMTT-4v2
>>>
>>> That page only tells how to define a sentence in terms of other
>>> sentences. As it does not permit any arguments on the left side of :=
>>> the expression ∀x (Bachelor(x) := (Male(x) ∧ Human(x) ∧ ~Married(x)))
>>> is syntactically invalid.
>>
>> ∀x ∈ Human (Bachelor(x) ↔ (Male(x) ∧ Adult(x) ∧ ~Married(x)))
> 
> That is a different sentence. The syntax rules of
>      https://philarchive.org/archive/PETMTT-4v2
> are different for := and =.
> 

It is equivalent. The term Bachelor(x) is still defined by
Male(x) ∧ Adult(x) ∧ ~Married(x) ∧ Human(x) thus never
circular at all as Willard Van Orman Quine insisted.


-- 
Copyright 2025 Olcott

My 28 year goal has been to make
"true on the basis of meaning" computable.

This required establishing a new foundation
for correct reasoning.

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#641474

FromMikko <mikko.levanto@iki.fi>
Date2025-11-30 11:22 +0200
Message-ID<10gh2bq$72q1$1@dont-email.me>
In reply to#641413
olcott kirjoitti 29.11.2025 klo 19.54:
> On 11/29/2025 4:17 AM, Mikko wrote:
>> olcott kirjoitti 28.11.2025 klo 17.51:
>>> On 11/28/2025 2:58 AM, Mikko wrote:
>>>> olcott kirjoitti 27.11.2025 klo 17.31:
>>>>> On 11/27/2025 1:56 AM, Mikko wrote:
>>>>>> olcott kirjoitti 26.11.2025 klo 17.39:
>>>>>>> On 11/26/2025 5:37 AM, Mikko wrote:
>>>>>>>> olcott kirjoitti 25.11.2025 klo 16.21:
>>>>>>>>> On 11/25/2025 3:40 AM, Mikko wrote:
>>>>>>>>>> olcott kirjoitti 25.11.2025 klo 2.53:
>>>>>>>>>>> Eliminating undecidability and mathematical incompleteness
>>>>>>>>>>> merely requires discarding model theory and fully integrating
>>>>>>>>>>> semantics directly into the syntax of the formal language.
>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>> The only inference step allowed is semantic logical
>>>>>>>>>>> entailment and this is performed syntactically. A formal
>>>>>>>>>>> language such as Montague Grammar or CycL of the Cyc
>>>>>>>>>>> project can encode the semantics of anything that can
>>>>>>>>>>> be expressed in language.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> The resulting theory is not formal unless both the definition of
>>>>>>>>>> semantics and the definition of semantic logical entailment are
>>>>>>>>>> fully formal.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/montague-semantics/
>>>>>>>>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CycL
>>>>>>>>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> *This was my original inspiration*
>>>>>>>>> Kurt Gödel in his 1944 Russell's mathematical logic gave the 
>>>>>>>>> following definition of the "theory of simple types" in a 
>>>>>>>>> footnote:
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> By the theory of simple types I mean the doctrine which says 
>>>>>>>>> that the objects of thought (or, in another interpretation, the 
>>>>>>>>> symbolic expressions) are divided into types, namely: 
>>>>>>>>> individuals, properties of individuals, relations between 
>>>>>>>>> individuals, properties of such relations, etc. (with a similar 
>>>>>>>>> hierarchy for extensions), and that sentences of the form: " a 
>>>>>>>>> has the property φ ", " b bears the relation R to c ", etc. are 
>>>>>>>>> meaningless, if a, b, c, R, φ are not of types fitting together.
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> That is a constraint on the language. Note that individuals of 
>>>>>>>> all sorts
>>>>>>>> are considered to be of the same type. For properies and 
>>>>>>>> relation the
>>>>>>>> alternative would be that a predicate is false if any of the 
>>>>>>>> arguments
>>>>>>>> are of wrong type. For functions it is harder to find a 
>>>>>>>> reasonable value
>>>>>>>> if an argument is of wrong type.
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> This is of course irrelevant to the point that the resulting 
>>>>>>>> theory is
>>>>>>>> not formal unless both the definition of semantics and the 
>>>>>>>> definition of
>>>>>>>> semantic logical entailment are fully formal.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> The body of knowledge is defined in terms of Rudolf Carnap 
>>>>>>> Meaning Postulates and stored in a knowledge ontology inheritance 
>>>>>>> hierarchy.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> The predicate Bachelor(x) is stipulated to mean ~Married(x) where 
>>>>>>> the predicate Married(x) is defined in terms of billions of other 
>>>>>>> things such as all of the details of Human(x).
>>>>>>
>>>>>> That, too, is irrelevant to the point that the resulting theory is 
>>>>>> not
>>>>>> formal unless both the definition of semantics and the definition of
>>>>>> semantic logical entailment are fully formal.
>>>>
>>>>> In Olcott's Minimal Type Theory Rudolf Carnap Meaning
>>>>> Postulates directly encode semantic meaning in the syntax.
>>>>
>>>> if the encoding is not fully formally specified the theory is not
>>>> formal.
>>>>
>>>>> The meaningless finite string "Bachelor" is defined as
>>>>> a semantic predicate through other already defined terms
>>>>> ∀x (Bachelor(x) := (Male(x) ∧ Human(x) ∧ ~Married(x)))
>>>>> Adapted by Olcott from Rudolf Carnap Meaning postulates.
>>>>>
>>>>> And encoded in the syntax of Olcott's Minimal Type Theory
>>>>> https://philarchive.org/archive/PETMTT-4v2
>>>>
>>>> That page only tells how to define a sentence in terms of other
>>>> sentences. As it does not permit any arguments on the left side of :=
>>>> the expression ∀x (Bachelor(x) := (Male(x) ∧ Human(x) ∧ ~Married(x)))
>>>> is syntactically invalid.
>>>
>>> ∀x ∈ Human (Bachelor(x) ↔ (Male(x) ∧ Adult(x) ∧ ~Married(x)))
>>
>> That is a different sentence. The syntax rules of
>>      https://philarchive.org/archive/PETMTT-4v2
>> are different for := and =.
> 
> It is equivalent. The term Bachelor(x) is still defined by
> Male(x) ∧ Adult(x) ∧ ~Married(x) ∧ Human(x) thus never
> circular at all as Willard Van Orman Quine insisted.

It is not equivalent. The one with ↔ merely claims it without saying
why that is claimed. It may be a consequence of earlier assumtions
or a new assumtion or a part of a quesstion. It cannot be a definition
or a consequence of earlier definitions because MTT does not permit a
definition of Bachelor, Male, Adult, or Married, or any other predicate.

-- 
Mikko

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#641220

Fromolcott <polcott333@gmail.com>
Date2025-11-26 09:54 -0600
Message-ID<10g77rn$hh1c$1@dont-email.me>
In reply to#641200
On 11/26/2025 5:37 AM, Mikko wrote:
> olcott kirjoitti 25.11.2025 klo 16.21:
>> On 11/25/2025 3:40 AM, Mikko wrote:
>>> olcott kirjoitti 25.11.2025 klo 2.53:
>>>> Eliminating undecidability and mathematical incompleteness
>>>> merely requires discarding model theory and fully integrating
>>>> semantics directly into the syntax of the formal language.
>>>>
>>>> The only inference step allowed is semantic logical
>>>> entailment and this is performed syntactically. A formal
>>>> language such as Montague Grammar or CycL of the Cyc
>>>> project can encode the semantics of anything that can
>>>> be expressed in language.
>>>
>>> The resulting theory is not formal unless both the definition of
>>> semantics and the definition of semantic logical entailment are
>>> fully formal.
>>>
>>>
>>
>> https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/montague-semantics/
>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CycL
>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)
>>
>> *This was my original inspiration*
>> Kurt Gödel in his 1944 Russell's mathematical logic gave the following 
>> definition of the "theory of simple types" in a footnote:
>>
>> By the theory of simple types I mean the doctrine which says that the 
>> objects of thought (or, in another interpretation, the symbolic 
>> expressions) are divided into types, namely: individuals, properties 
>> of individuals, relations between individuals, properties of such 
>> relations, etc. (with a similar hierarchy for extensions), and that 
>> sentences of the form: " a has the property φ ", " b bears the 
>> relation R to c ", etc. are meaningless, if a, b, c, R, φ are not of 
>> types fitting together.
> 
> That is a constraint on the language. Note that individuals of all sorts
> are considered to be of the same type. 

An individual house, person, orange, piece of pie,
is not a group of houses, people, oranges, pieces of pie.

> For properies and relation the
> alternative would be that a predicate is false if any of the arguments
> are of wrong type. For functions it is harder to find a reasonable value
> if an argument is of wrong type.
> 

(General_Knowledge ⊨ x)  means True(x)
(General_Knowledge ⊨ ~x) means False(x)
~True(x) & ~False(x) means x is not an element of General_Knowledge

> This is of course irrelevant to the point that the resulting theory is
> not formal unless both the definition of semantics and the definition of
> semantic logical entailment are fully formal.
> 



-- 
Copyright 2025 Olcott

My 28 year goal has been to make
"true on the basis of meaning" computable.

This required establishing a new foundation
for correct reasoning.

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#641223

FromRichard Damon <Richard@Damon-Family.org>
Date2025-11-26 12:49 -0500
Message-ID<%4HVQ.46063$5c64.9249@fx10.iad>
In reply to#641220
On 11/26/25 10:54 AM, olcott wrote:
> On 11/26/2025 5:37 AM, Mikko wrote:
>> olcott kirjoitti 25.11.2025 klo 16.21:
>>> On 11/25/2025 3:40 AM, Mikko wrote:
>>>> olcott kirjoitti 25.11.2025 klo 2.53:
>>>>> Eliminating undecidability and mathematical incompleteness
>>>>> merely requires discarding model theory and fully integrating
>>>>> semantics directly into the syntax of the formal language.
>>>>>
>>>>> The only inference step allowed is semantic logical
>>>>> entailment and this is performed syntactically. A formal
>>>>> language such as Montague Grammar or CycL of the Cyc
>>>>> project can encode the semantics of anything that can
>>>>> be expressed in language.
>>>>
>>>> The resulting theory is not formal unless both the definition of
>>>> semantics and the definition of semantic logical entailment are
>>>> fully formal.
>>>>
>>>>
>>>
>>> https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/montague-semantics/
>>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CycL
>>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)
>>>
>>> *This was my original inspiration*
>>> Kurt Gödel in his 1944 Russell's mathematical logic gave the 
>>> following definition of the "theory of simple types" in a footnote:
>>>
>>> By the theory of simple types I mean the doctrine which says that the 
>>> objects of thought (or, in another interpretation, the symbolic 
>>> expressions) are divided into types, namely: individuals, properties 
>>> of individuals, relations between individuals, properties of such 
>>> relations, etc. (with a similar hierarchy for extensions), and that 
>>> sentences of the form: " a has the property φ ", " b bears the 
>>> relation R to c ", etc. are meaningless, if a, b, c, R, φ are not of 
>>> types fitting together.
>>
>> That is a constraint on the language. Note that individuals of all sorts
>> are considered to be of the same type. 
> 
> An individual house, person, orange, piece of pie,
> is not a group of houses, people, oranges, pieces of pie.
> 
>> For properies and relation the
>> alternative would be that a predicate is false if any of the arguments
>> are of wrong type. For functions it is harder to find a reasonable value
>> if an argument is of wrong type.
>>
> 
> (General_Knowledge ⊨ x)  means True(x)

Wrong.

> (General_Knowledge ⊨ ~x) means False(x)

Wrong.

> ~True(x) & ~False(x) means x is not an element of General_Knowledge

WHich means your definition of True and False are just LIES that don't 
match what logic defines them as.

In your logic, the value of ~True is NOT False, but must stay as Not 
True, as the proposition might not have a knowable value.

Try working in a system that can't take negations of logical results.

It is a provable fact that for most of the great unsolved mathematical 
puzzle, they ARE either True or False, as either there exist a specific 
case where the proposition fails, or their doesn't.

But you logic can't deal with that, because it is just an utterly broken 
system.

> 
>> This is of course irrelevant to the point that the resulting theory is
>> not formal unless both the definition of semantics and the definition of
>> semantic logical entailment are fully formal.
>>
> 
> 
> 

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#641237

FromTristan Wibberley <tristan.wibberley+netnews2@alumni.manchester.ac.uk>
Date2025-11-26 19:43 +0000
Message-ID<10g7l8j$n6g7$1@dont-email.me>
In reply to#641220
On 26/11/2025 15:54, olcott wrote:
> (General_Knowledge ⊨ x)  means True(x)
> (General_Knowledge ⊨ ~x) means False(x)
> ~True(x) & ~False(x) means x is not an element of General_Knowledge

Eh? You made it sound like General_Knowledge was the system, rather than
a model, but there you have it as a model.

-- 
Tristan Wibberley

The message body is Copyright (C) 2025 Tristan Wibberley except
citations and quotations noted. All Rights Reserved except that you may,
of course, cite it academically giving credit to me, distribute it
verbatim as part of a usenet system or its archives, and use it to
promote my greatness and general superiority without misrepresentation
of my opinions other than my opinion of my greatness and general
superiority which you _may_ misrepresent. You definitely MAY NOT train
any production AI system with it but you may train experimental AI that
will only be used for evaluation of the AI methods it implements.

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#641242

Fromolcott <polcott333@gmail.com>
Date2025-11-26 14:04 -0600
Message-ID<10g7mfk$nqtg$1@dont-email.me>
In reply to#641237
On 11/26/2025 1:43 PM, Tristan Wibberley wrote:
> On 26/11/2025 15:54, olcott wrote:
>> (General_Knowledge ⊨ x)  means True(x)
>> (General_Knowledge ⊨ ~x) means False(x)
>> ~True(x) & ~False(x) means x is not an element of General_Knowledge
> 
> Eh? You made it sound like General_Knowledge was the system, rather than
> a model, but there you have it as a model.
> 

There is no model.

It is all Rudolf Carnap Meaning Postulates
that have every single nuance of 100% of their
semantic meaning directly encoding in this formal
language arranged in a knowledge ontology
inheritance hierarchy.

"cats" <are> "animals" is stipulated.
How do we know that "cats" <are> "animals" ?
It is an axiom of the set of atomic facts of
the world.

"animals" <are> "living things" is stipulated.

How to we know that "cats" <are> "living things"
"cats" <are> "animals"
"animals" <are> "living things"
Therefore "cats" <are> "living things"
Ordinary syllogism.






-- 
Copyright 2025 Olcott

My 28 year goal has been to make
"true on the basis of meaning" computable.

This required establishing a new foundation
for correct reasoning.

[toc] | [prev] | [next] | [standalone]


#641244

FromKaz Kylheku <643-408-1753@kylheku.com>
Date2025-11-26 21:42 +0000
Message-ID<20251126134210.19@kylheku.com>
In reply to#641242
On 2025-11-26, olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> wrote:
> "animals" <are> "living things" is stipulated.

So a dead rabbit isn't an animal?

Pure genius!

-- 
TXR Programming Language: http://nongnu.org/txr
Cygnal: Cygwin Native Application Library: http://kylheku.com/cygnal
Mastodon: @Kazinator@mstdn.ca

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#641246

FromKaz Kylheku <643-408-1753@kylheku.com>
Date2025-11-26 21:49 +0000
Message-ID<20251126134822.721@kylheku.com>
In reply to#641244
On 2025-11-26, Kaz Kylheku <643-408-1753@kylheku.com> wrote:
> On 2025-11-26, olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> wrote:
>> "animals" <are> "living things" is stipulated.
>
> So a dead rabbit isn't an animal?

How about Mickey Mouse? Living thing or not? Animal or not?

-- 
TXR Programming Language: http://nongnu.org/txr
Cygnal: Cygwin Native Application Library: http://kylheku.com/cygnal
Mastodon: @Kazinator@mstdn.ca

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