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[PATCHSET v4 0/5] pagemap: make useable for non-privilege users

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  [PATCHSET v4 0/5] pagemap: make useable for non-privilege users Konstantin Khlebnikov <khlebnikov@yandex-team.ru> - 2015-07-14 17:40 +0200
    [PATCH v4 2/5] pagemap: switch to the new format and do some cleanup Konstantin Khlebnikov <khlebnikov@yandex-team.ru> - 2015-07-14 17:50 +0200
    Re: [PATCHSET v4 0/5] pagemap: make useable for non-privilege users Konstantin Khlebnikov <koct9i@gmail.com> - 2015-07-14 22:20 +0200
    [PATCH] pagemap: update documentation Konstantin Khlebnikov <khlebnikov@yandex-team.ru> - 2015-07-16 20:50 +0200

#1183794 — [PATCHSET v4 0/5] pagemap: make useable for non-privilege users

This patchset makes pagemap useable again in the safe way (after row hammer
bug it was made CAP_SYS_ADMIN-only). This patchset restores access for
non-privileged users but hides PFNs from them.

Also it adds bit 'map-exlusive' which is set if page is mapped only here:
it helps in estimation of working set without exposing pfns and allows to
distinguish CoWed and non-CoWed private anonymous pages.

Second patch removes page-shift bits and completes migration to the new
pagemap format: flags soft-dirty and mmap-exlusive are available only
in the new format.

Changes since v3:
* patches reordered: cleanup now in second patch
* update pagemap for hugetlb, add missing 'FILE' bit
* fix PM_PFRAME_BITS: its 55 not 54 as was in previous versions

---

Konstantin Khlebnikov (5):
      pagemap: check permissions and capabilities at open time
      pagemap: switch to the new format and do some cleanup
      pagemap: rework hugetlb and thp report
      pagemap: hide physical addresses from non-privileged users
      pagemap: add mmap-exclusive bit for marking pages mapped only here


 Documentation/vm/pagemap.txt |    3 
 fs/proc/task_mmu.c           |  267 ++++++++++++++++++------------------------
 tools/vm/page-types.c        |   35 +++---
 3 files changed, 137 insertions(+), 168 deletions(-)

--
Konstantin
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#1183798 — [PATCH v4 2/5] pagemap: switch to the new format and do some cleanup

This patch removes page-shift bits (scheduled to remove since 3.11) and
completes migration to the new bit layout. Also it cleans messy macro.

Signed-off-by: Konstantin Khlebnikov <khlebnikov@yandex-team.ru>
---
 fs/proc/task_mmu.c    |  150 +++++++++++++++++--------------------------------
 tools/vm/page-types.c |   25 +++-----
 2 files changed, 61 insertions(+), 114 deletions(-)

diff --git a/fs/proc/task_mmu.c b/fs/proc/task_mmu.c
index 270bf7cbc8a5..c05db6acdc35 100644
--- a/fs/proc/task_mmu.c
+++ b/fs/proc/task_mmu.c
@@ -710,23 +710,6 @@ const struct file_operations proc_tid_smaps_operations = {
 	.release	= proc_map_release,
 };
 
-/*
- * We do not want to have constant page-shift bits sitting in
- * pagemap entries and are about to reuse them some time soon.
- *
- * Here's the "migration strategy":
- * 1. when the system boots these bits remain what they are,
- *    but a warning about future change is printed in log;
- * 2. once anyone clears soft-dirty bits via clear_refs file,
- *    these flag is set to denote, that user is aware of the
- *    new API and those page-shift bits change their meaning.
- *    The respective warning is printed in dmesg;
- * 3. In a couple of releases we will remove all the mentions
- *    of page-shift in pagemap entries.
- */
-
-static bool soft_dirty_cleared __read_mostly;
-
 enum clear_refs_types {
 	CLEAR_REFS_ALL = 1,
 	CLEAR_REFS_ANON,
@@ -887,13 +870,6 @@ static ssize_t clear_refs_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buf,
 	if (type < CLEAR_REFS_ALL || type >= CLEAR_REFS_LAST)
 		return -EINVAL;
 
-	if (type == CLEAR_REFS_SOFT_DIRTY) {
-		soft_dirty_cleared = true;
-		pr_warn_once("The pagemap bits 55-60 has changed their meaning!"
-			     " See the linux/Documentation/vm/pagemap.txt for "
-			     "details.\n");
-	}
-
 	task = get_proc_task(file_inode(file));
 	if (!task)
 		return -ESRCH;
@@ -961,36 +937,24 @@ typedef struct {
 struct pagemapread {
 	int pos, len;		/* units: PM_ENTRY_BYTES, not bytes */
 	pagemap_entry_t *buffer;
-	bool v2;
 };
 
 #define PAGEMAP_WALK_SIZE	(PMD_SIZE)
 #define PAGEMAP_WALK_MASK	(PMD_MASK)
 
-#define PM_ENTRY_BYTES      sizeof(pagemap_entry_t)
-#define PM_STATUS_BITS      3
-#define PM_STATUS_OFFSET    (64 - PM_STATUS_BITS)
-#define PM_STATUS_MASK      (((1LL << PM_STATUS_BITS) - 1) << PM_STATUS_OFFSET)
-#define PM_STATUS(nr)       (((nr) << PM_STATUS_OFFSET) & PM_STATUS_MASK)
-#define PM_PSHIFT_BITS      6
-#define PM_PSHIFT_OFFSET    (PM_STATUS_OFFSET - PM_PSHIFT_BITS)
-#define PM_PSHIFT_MASK      (((1LL << PM_PSHIFT_BITS) - 1) << PM_PSHIFT_OFFSET)
-#define __PM_PSHIFT(x)      (((u64) (x) << PM_PSHIFT_OFFSET) & PM_PSHIFT_MASK)
-#define PM_PFRAME_MASK      ((1LL << PM_PSHIFT_OFFSET) - 1)
-#define PM_PFRAME(x)        ((x) & PM_PFRAME_MASK)
-/* in "new" pagemap pshift bits are occupied with more status bits */
-#define PM_STATUS2(v2, x)   (__PM_PSHIFT(v2 ? x : PAGE_SHIFT))
-
-#define __PM_SOFT_DIRTY      (1LL)
-#define PM_PRESENT          PM_STATUS(4LL)
-#define PM_SWAP             PM_STATUS(2LL)
-#define PM_FILE             PM_STATUS(1LL)
-#define PM_NOT_PRESENT(v2)  PM_STATUS2(v2, 0)
+#define PM_ENTRY_BYTES		sizeof(pagemap_entry_t)
+#define PM_PFRAME_BITS		55
+#define PM_PFRAME_MASK		GENMASK_ULL(PM_PFRAME_BITS - 1, 0)
+#define PM_SOFT_DIRTY		BIT_ULL(55)
+#define PM_FILE			BIT_ULL(61)
+#define PM_SWAP			BIT_ULL(62)
+#define PM_PRESENT		BIT_ULL(63)
+
 #define PM_END_OF_BUFFER    1
 
-static inline pagemap_entry_t make_pme(u64 val)
+static inline pagemap_entry_t make_pme(u64 frame, u64 flags)
 {
-	return (pagemap_entry_t) { .pme = val };
+	return (pagemap_entry_t) { .pme = (frame & PM_PFRAME_MASK) | flags };
 }
 
 static int add_to_pagemap(unsigned long addr, pagemap_entry_t *pme,
@@ -1011,7 +975,7 @@ static int pagemap_pte_hole(unsigned long start, unsigned long end,
 
 	while (addr < end) {
 		struct vm_area_struct *vma = find_vma(walk->mm, addr);
-		pagemap_entry_t pme = make_pme(PM_NOT_PRESENT(pm->v2));
+		pagemap_entry_t pme = make_pme(0, 0);
 		/* End of address space hole, which we mark as non-present. */
 		unsigned long hole_end;
 
@@ -1031,7 +995,7 @@ static int pagemap_pte_hole(unsigned long start, unsigned long end,
 
 		/* Addresses in the VMA. */
 		if (vma->vm_flags & VM_SOFTDIRTY)
-			pme.pme |= PM_STATUS2(pm->v2, __PM_SOFT_DIRTY);
+			pme = make_pme(0, PM_SOFT_DIRTY);
 		for (; addr < min(end, vma->vm_end); addr += PAGE_SIZE) {
 			err = add_to_pagemap(addr, &pme, pm);
 			if (err)
@@ -1042,63 +1006,61 @@ out:
 	return err;
 }
 
-static void pte_to_pagemap_entry(pagemap_entry_t *pme, struct pagemapread *pm,
+static pagemap_entry_t pte_to_pagemap_entry(struct pagemapread *pm,
 		struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long addr, pte_t pte)
 {
-	u64 frame, flags;
+	u64 frame = 0, flags = 0;
 	struct page *page = NULL;
-	int flags2 = 0;
 
 	if (pte_present(pte)) {
 		frame = pte_pfn(pte);
-		flags = PM_PRESENT;
+		flags |= PM_PRESENT;
 		page = vm_normal_page(vma, addr, pte);
 		if (pte_soft_dirty(pte))
-			flags2 |= __PM_SOFT_DIRTY;
+			flags |= PM_SOFT_DIRTY;
 	} else if (is_swap_pte(pte)) {
 		swp_entry_t entry;
 		if (pte_swp_soft_dirty(pte))
-			flags2 |= __PM_SOFT_DIRTY;
+			flags |= PM_SOFT_DIRTY;
 		entry = pte_to_swp_entry(pte);
 		frame = swp_type(entry) |
 			(swp_offset(entry) << MAX_SWAPFILES_SHIFT);
-		flags = PM_SWAP;
+		flags |= PM_SWAP;
 		if (is_migration_entry(entry))
 			page = migration_entry_to_page(entry);
-	} else {
-		if (vma->vm_flags & VM_SOFTDIRTY)
-			flags2 |= __PM_SOFT_DIRTY;
-		*pme = make_pme(PM_NOT_PRESENT(pm->v2) | PM_STATUS2(pm->v2, flags2));
-		return;
 	}
 
 	if (page && !PageAnon(page))
 		flags |= PM_FILE;
-	if ((vma->vm_flags & VM_SOFTDIRTY))
-		flags2 |= __PM_SOFT_DIRTY;
+	if (vma->vm_flags & VM_SOFTDIRTY)
+		flags |= PM_SOFT_DIRTY;
 
-	*pme = make_pme(PM_PFRAME(frame) | PM_STATUS2(pm->v2, flags2) | flags);
+	return make_pme(frame, flags);
 }
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE
-static void thp_pmd_to_pagemap_entry(pagemap_entry_t *pme, struct pagemapread *pm,
-		pmd_t pmd, int offset, int pmd_flags2)
+static pagemap_entry_t thp_pmd_to_pagemap_entry(struct pagemapread *pm,
+		pmd_t pmd, int offset, u64 flags)
 {
+	u64 frame = 0;
+
 	/*
 	 * Currently pmd for thp is always present because thp can not be
 	 * swapped-out, migrated, or HWPOISONed (split in such cases instead.)
 	 * This if-check is just to prepare for future implementation.
 	 */
-	if (pmd_present(pmd))
-		*pme = make_pme(PM_PFRAME(pmd_pfn(pmd) + offset)
-				| PM_STATUS2(pm->v2, pmd_flags2) | PM_PRESENT);
-	else
-		*pme = make_pme(PM_NOT_PRESENT(pm->v2) | PM_STATUS2(pm->v2, pmd_flags2));
+	if (pmd_present(pmd)) {
+		frame = pmd_pfn(pmd) + offset;
+		flags |= PM_PRESENT;
+	}
+
+	return make_pme(frame, flags);
 }
 #else
-static inline void thp_pmd_to_pagemap_entry(pagemap_entry_t *pme, struct pagemapread *pm,
-		pmd_t pmd, int offset, int pmd_flags2)
+static pagemap_entry_t thp_pmd_to_pagemap_entry(struct pagemapread *pm,
+		pmd_t pmd, int offset, u64 flags)
 {
+	return make_pme(0, 0);
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -1112,12 +1074,10 @@ static int pagemap_pte_range(pmd_t *pmd, unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
 	int err = 0;
 
 	if (pmd_trans_huge_lock(pmd, vma, &ptl) == 1) {
-		int pmd_flags2;
+		u64 flags = 0;
 
 		if ((vma->vm_flags & VM_SOFTDIRTY) || pmd_soft_dirty(*pmd))
-			pmd_flags2 = __PM_SOFT_DIRTY;
-		else
-			pmd_flags2 = 0;
+			flags |= PM_SOFT_DIRTY;
 
 		for (; addr != end; addr += PAGE_SIZE) {
 			unsigned long offset;
@@ -1125,7 +1085,7 @@ static int pagemap_pte_range(pmd_t *pmd, unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
 
 			offset = (addr & ~PAGEMAP_WALK_MASK) >>
 					PAGE_SHIFT;
-			thp_pmd_to_pagemap_entry(&pme, pm, *pmd, offset, pmd_flags2);
+			pme = thp_pmd_to_pagemap_entry(pm, *pmd, offset, flags);
 			err = add_to_pagemap(addr, &pme, pm);
 			if (err)
 				break;
@@ -1145,7 +1105,7 @@ static int pagemap_pte_range(pmd_t *pmd, unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
 	for (; addr < end; pte++, addr += PAGE_SIZE) {
 		pagemap_entry_t pme;
 
-		pte_to_pagemap_entry(&pme, pm, vma, addr, *pte);
+		pme = pte_to_pagemap_entry(pm, vma, addr, *pte);
 		err = add_to_pagemap(addr, &pme, pm);
 		if (err)
 			break;
@@ -1158,16 +1118,17 @@ static int pagemap_pte_range(pmd_t *pmd, unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
 }
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE
-static void huge_pte_to_pagemap_entry(pagemap_entry_t *pme, struct pagemapread *pm,
-					pte_t pte, int offset, int flags2)
+static pagemap_entry_t huge_pte_to_pagemap_entry(struct pagemapread *pm,
+					pte_t pte, int offset, u64 flags)
 {
-	if (pte_present(pte))
-		*pme = make_pme(PM_PFRAME(pte_pfn(pte) + offset)	|
-				PM_STATUS2(pm->v2, flags2)		|
-				PM_PRESENT);
-	else
-		*pme = make_pme(PM_NOT_PRESENT(pm->v2)			|
-				PM_STATUS2(pm->v2, flags2));
+	u64 frame = 0;
+
+	if (pte_present(pte)) {
+		frame = pte_pfn(pte) + offset;
+		flags |= PM_PRESENT;
+	}
+
+	return make_pme(frame, flags);
 }
 
 /* This function walks within one hugetlb entry in the single call */
@@ -1178,17 +1139,15 @@ static int pagemap_hugetlb_range(pte_t *pte, unsigned long hmask,
 	struct pagemapread *pm = walk->private;
 	struct vm_area_struct *vma = walk->vma;
 	int err = 0;
-	int flags2;
+	u64 flags = 0;
 	pagemap_entry_t pme;
 
 	if (vma->vm_flags & VM_SOFTDIRTY)
-		flags2 = __PM_SOFT_DIRTY;
-	else
-		flags2 = 0;
+		flags |= PM_SOFT_DIRTY;
 
 	for (; addr != end; addr += PAGE_SIZE) {
 		int offset = (addr & ~hmask) >> PAGE_SHIFT;
-		huge_pte_to_pagemap_entry(&pme, pm, *pte, offset, flags2);
+		pme = huge_pte_to_pagemap_entry(pm, *pte, offset, flags);
 		err = add_to_pagemap(addr, &pme, pm);
 		if (err)
 			return err;
@@ -1209,7 +1168,8 @@ static int pagemap_hugetlb_range(pte_t *pte, unsigned long hmask,
  * Bits 0-54  page frame number (PFN) if present
  * Bits 0-4   swap type if swapped
  * Bits 5-54  swap offset if swapped
- * Bits 55-60 page shift (page size = 1<<page shift)
+ * Bit  55    pte is soft-dirty (see Documentation/vm/soft-dirty.txt)
+ * Bits 56-60 zero
  * Bit  61    page is file-page or shared-anon
  * Bit  62    page swapped
  * Bit  63    page present
@@ -1248,7 +1208,6 @@ static ssize_t pagemap_read(struct file *file, char __user *buf,
 	if (!count)
 		goto out_mm;
 
-	pm.v2 = soft_dirty_cleared;
 	pm.len = (PAGEMAP_WALK_SIZE >> PAGE_SHIFT);
 	pm.buffer = kmalloc(pm.len * PM_ENTRY_BYTES, GFP_TEMPORARY);
 	ret = -ENOMEM;
@@ -1321,9 +1280,6 @@ static int pagemap_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
 	/* do not disclose physical addresses: attack vector */
 	if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
 		return -EPERM;
-	pr_warn_once("Bits 55-60 of /proc/PID/pagemap entries are about "
-			"to stop being page-shift some time soon. See the "
-			"linux/Documentation/vm/pagemap.txt for details.\n");
 
 	mm = proc_mem_open(inode, PTRACE_MODE_READ);
 	if (IS_ERR(mm))
diff --git a/tools/vm/page-types.c b/tools/vm/page-types.c
index 8bdf16b8ba60..603ec916716b 100644
--- a/tools/vm/page-types.c
+++ b/tools/vm/page-types.c
@@ -57,23 +57,14 @@
  * pagemap kernel ABI bits
  */
 
-#define PM_ENTRY_BYTES      sizeof(uint64_t)
-#define PM_STATUS_BITS      3
-#define PM_STATUS_OFFSET    (64 - PM_STATUS_BITS)
-#define PM_STATUS_MASK      (((1LL << PM_STATUS_BITS) - 1) << PM_STATUS_OFFSET)
-#define PM_STATUS(nr)       (((nr) << PM_STATUS_OFFSET) & PM_STATUS_MASK)
-#define PM_PSHIFT_BITS      6
-#define PM_PSHIFT_OFFSET    (PM_STATUS_OFFSET - PM_PSHIFT_BITS)
-#define PM_PSHIFT_MASK      (((1LL << PM_PSHIFT_BITS) - 1) << PM_PSHIFT_OFFSET)
-#define __PM_PSHIFT(x)      (((uint64_t) (x) << PM_PSHIFT_OFFSET) & PM_PSHIFT_MASK)
-#define PM_PFRAME_MASK      ((1LL << PM_PSHIFT_OFFSET) - 1)
-#define PM_PFRAME(x)        ((x) & PM_PFRAME_MASK)
-
-#define __PM_SOFT_DIRTY      (1LL)
-#define PM_PRESENT          PM_STATUS(4LL)
-#define PM_SWAP             PM_STATUS(2LL)
-#define PM_SOFT_DIRTY       __PM_PSHIFT(__PM_SOFT_DIRTY)
-
+#define PM_ENTRY_BYTES		8
+#define PM_PFRAME_BITS		55
+#define PM_PFRAME_MASK		((1LL << PM_PFRAME_BITS) - 1)
+#define PM_PFRAME(x)		((x) & PM_PFRAME_MASK)
+#define PM_SOFT_DIRTY		(1ULL << 55)
+#define PM_FILE			(1ULL << 61)
+#define PM_SWAP			(1ULL << 62)
+#define PM_PRESENT		(1ULL << 63)
 
 /*
  * kernel page flags

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#1183978

On Tue, Jul 14, 2015 at 9:52 PM, Andrew Morton
<akpm@linux-foundation.org> wrote:
> On Tue, 14 Jul 2015 18:37:34 +0300 Konstantin Khlebnikov <khlebnikov@yandex-team.ru> wrote:
>
>> This patchset makes pagemap useable again in the safe way (after row hammer
>> bug it was made CAP_SYS_ADMIN-only). This patchset restores access for
>> non-privileged users but hides PFNs from them.
>
> Documentation/vm/pagemap.txt hasn't been updated to describe these
> privilege issues?

Will do. Too much time passed between versions, I planned but forgot about that.

>
>> Also it adds bit 'map-exlusive' which is set if page is mapped only here:
>> it helps in estimation of working set without exposing pfns and allows to
>> distinguish CoWed and non-CoWed private anonymous pages.
>>
>> Second patch removes page-shift bits and completes migration to the new
>> pagemap format: flags soft-dirty and mmap-exlusive are available only
>> in the new format.
>
> I'm not really seeing a description of the new format in these
> changelogs.  Precisely what got removed, what got added and which
> capabilities change the output in what manner?

Now pfn (bits 0-54) is zero if task who opened pagemap has no
CAP_SYS_ADMIN (system-wide).

in v2 format page-shift (bits 55-60) now used for flags:
55 - soft-dirty (added for checkpoint-restore, I guess)
56 - mmap-exclusive (added in last patch)
57-60 - free for use

I'll document the history of these changes.

>
>
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#1186188 — [PATCH] pagemap: update documentation

Notes about recent changes.

Signed-off-by: Konstantin Khlebnikov <khlebnikov@yandex-team.ru>
---
 Documentation/vm/pagemap.txt |   14 ++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Documentation/vm/pagemap.txt b/Documentation/vm/pagemap.txt
index 3cfbbb333ea1..aab39aa7dd8f 100644
--- a/Documentation/vm/pagemap.txt
+++ b/Documentation/vm/pagemap.txt
@@ -16,12 +16,17 @@ There are three components to pagemap:
     * Bits 0-4   swap type if swapped
     * Bits 5-54  swap offset if swapped
     * Bit  55    pte is soft-dirty (see Documentation/vm/soft-dirty.txt)
-    * Bit  56    page exlusively mapped
+    * Bit  56    page exclusively mapped (since 4.2)
     * Bits 57-60 zero
-    * Bit  61    page is file-page or shared-anon
+    * Bit  61    page is file-page or shared-anon (since 3.5)
     * Bit  62    page swapped
     * Bit  63    page present
 
+   Since Linux 4.0 only users with the CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability can get PFNs:
+   for unprivileged users from 4.0 till 4.2 open fails with -EPERM, starting
+   from from 4.2 PFN field is zeroed if user has no CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability.
+   Reason: information about PFNs helps in exploiting Rowhammer vulnerability.
+
    If the page is not present but in swap, then the PFN contains an
    encoding of the swap file number and the page's offset into the
    swap. Unmapped pages return a null PFN. This allows determining
@@ -160,3 +165,8 @@ Other notes:
 Reading from any of the files will return -EINVAL if you are not starting
 the read on an 8-byte boundary (e.g., if you sought an odd number of bytes
 into the file), or if the size of the read is not a multiple of 8 bytes.
+
+Before Linux 3.11 pagemap bits 55-60 were used for "page-shift" (which is
+always 12 at most architectures). Since Linux 3.11 their meaning changes
+after first clear of soft-dirty bits. Since Linux 4.2 they are used for
+flags unconditionally.

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