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Are the assigned capacities sufficient for my setup?

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  Are the assigned capacities sufficient for my setup? "gajuph4pre@yahoo.com" <gajuph4pre@yahoo.com> - 2020-07-28 23:20 +0200
    Re: Are the assigned capacities sufficient for my setup? Roberto C. Sánchez <roberto@debian.org> - 2020-07-28 23:30 +0200
    Re: Are the assigned capacities sufficient for my setup? Dan Ritter <dsr@randomstring.org> - 2020-07-28 23:30 +0200
      Re: Are the assigned capacities sufficient for my setup? Andrew Cater <amacater@gmail.com> - 2020-07-29 00:00 +0200
        Re: Are the assigned capacities sufficient for my setup? Dan Ritter <dsr@randomstring.org> - 2020-07-29 00:30 +0200
          Re: Are the assigned capacities sufficient for my setup? Andrew Cater <amacater@gmail.com> - 2020-07-29 00:50 +0200
            Re: Are the assigned capacities sufficient for my setup? "gajuph4pre@yahoo.com" <gajuph4pre@yahoo.com> - 2020-07-29 01:40 +0200
            Re: Are the assigned capacities sufficient for my setup? Keith Bainbridge <ke1th3216@gmail.com> - 2020-07-29 03:30 +0200
          Re: Are the assigned capacities sufficient for my setup? Keith bainbridge <keithrbau@gmail.com> - 2020-07-29 02:30 +0200
        Re: Are the assigned capacities sufficient for my setup? "gajuph4pre@yahoo.com" <gajuph4pre@yahoo.com> - 2020-07-29 01:40 +0200
      Re: Are the assigned capacities sufficient for my setup? "gajuph4pre@yahoo.com" <gajuph4pre@yahoo.com> - 2020-07-29 01:40 +0200
        Re: Are the assigned capacities sufficient for my setup? Dan Ritter <dsr@randomstring.org> - 2020-07-29 03:40 +0200
          Re: Are the assigned capacities sufficient for my setup? "gajuph4pre@yahoo.com" <gajuph4pre@yahoo.com> - 2020-07-29 05:30 +0200
            Re: Are the assigned capacities sufficient for my setup? Dan Ritter <dsr@randomstring.org> - 2020-07-29 13:40 +0200
              Re: Are the assigned capacities sufficient for my setup? Andrew Cater <amacater@gmail.com> - 2020-07-29 13:50 +0200
                Re: Are the assigned capacities sufficient for my setup? "gajuph4pre@yahoo.com" <gajuph4pre@yahoo.com> - 2020-07-29 15:50 +0200
                  Re: Are the assigned capacities sufficient for my setup? Hans <hans.ullrich@loop.de> - 2020-07-29 16:00 +0200
              Re: Are the assigned capacities sufficient for my setup? rhkramer@gmail.com - 2020-07-29 14:40 +0200
              Re: Are the assigned capacities sufficient for my setup? rhkramer@gmail.com - 2020-07-29 14:40 +0200
      Re: Are the assigned capacities sufficient for my setup? "gajuph4pre@yahoo.com" <gajuph4pre@yahoo.com> - 2020-07-29 01:40 +0200
        Re: Are the assigned capacities sufficient for my setup? Dan Ritter <dsr@randomstring.org> - 2020-07-29 03:50 +0200
          Re: Are the assigned capacities sufficient for my setup? "gajuph4pre@yahoo.com" <gajuph4pre@yahoo.com> - 2020-07-29 05:40 +0200
            Re: Are the assigned capacities sufficient for my setup? Dan Ritter <dsr@randomstring.org> - 2020-07-29 14:10 +0200
    Re: Are the assigned capacities sufficient for my setup? David Christensen <dpchrist@holgerdanske.com> - 2020-07-29 08:20 +0200
    Re: Are the assigned capacities sufficient for my setup? Andy Smith <andy@strugglers.net> - 2020-07-29 16:00 +0200
      Re: Are the assigned capacities sufficient for my setup? Daniel Barclay <danielbarclay.oss@gmail.com> - 2020-08-10 17:50 +0200
    Re: Are the assigned capacities sufficient for my setup? Henning Follmann <hfollmann@itcfollmann.com> - 2020-07-29 17:30 +0200
      Re: Are the assigned capacities sufficient for my setup? Andrei POPESCU <andreimpopescu@gmail.com> - 2020-07-30 08:20 +0200

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#225461

gajuph4pre@yahoo.com wrote: 
> Hi Dan,
> 
> You wrote: "You don't need a separate /usr or /usr/local or /opt or /srv under any conditions. That differentiation comes from a time when disks were tens of megabytes."
> 
> Am I right to assume that when I install Debian, there won't be partitions such as /usr, /usr/local, /opt and /srv created on my hard disk drive?

You'll have those as directories if you don't have them as
partitions. Any partition (actually, the filesystem) can be
mounted as any directory.

> I only started to get serious about using Linux or *BSD distros after Edward Snowden's revelations. Prior to that I was a 100% Microsoft Windows guy.

You might want to let the Debian installer install a fully
encrypted root and home, if that's the sort of thing you're
worried about.

I ran DOS and Windows and was just tinkering around with Linux
in 1993 or so when a friend playfully touched the reset button
on my PC (it made sense in context) and destroyed the paper I
was writing. I decided I would see if I could get by with only
Linux. Turned out I can.

-dsr-

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#225465

You wrote: Any partition (actually, the filesystem) can be mounted as any directory.

What are the commands to mount a partition as a directory please?

I am a bit confused: the file system consists of partitions such a / , /boot , /home , /var , /etc and so on..... Don't they appear as directories?






On Wednesday, July 29, 2020, 9:40:47 AM GMT+8, Dan Ritter <dsr@randomstring.org> wrote: 





gajuph4pre@yahoo.com wrote: 
> Hi Dan,
> 
> You wrote: "You don't need a separate /usr or /usr/local or /opt or /srv under any conditions. That differentiation comes from a time when disks were tens of megabytes."
> 
> Am I right to assume that when I install Debian, there won't be partitions such as /usr, /usr/local, /opt and /srv created on my hard disk drive?

You'll have those as directories if you don't have them as
partitions. Any partition (actually, the filesystem) can be
mounted as any directory.

> I only started to get serious about using Linux or *BSD distros after Edward Snowden's revelations. Prior to that I was a 100% Microsoft Windows guy.

You might want to let the Debian installer install a fully
encrypted root and home, if that's the sort of thing you're
worried about.

I ran DOS and Windows and was just tinkering around with Linux
in 1993 or so when a friend playfully touched the reset button
on my PC (it made sense in context) and destroyed the paper I
was writing. I decided I would see if I could get by with only
Linux. Turned out I can.


-dsr-

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#225484

gajuph4pre@yahoo.com wrote: 
> You wrote: Any partition (actually, the filesystem) can be mounted as any directory.
> 
> What are the commands to mount a partition as a directory please?
> 
> I am a bit confused: the file system consists of partitions such a / , /boot , /home , /var , /etc and so on..... Don't they appear as directories?


Let's clarify some terminology.

A disk is a permanent storage device, regardless of whether it's
a spinning hard disk, a solid-state disk, or some new
technology.

Disks need a filesystem (what Windows calls a format) written to
them to organize the data. There are filesystems which use raw
disks, but most want or can use a partitioning scheme that
separates areas of the disk so that multiple filesystems can
share it. There are also filesystems that span multiple disks.

"The" filesystem is the tree that the kernel builds at boot
time, starting with a / entry and creating directories
underneath it, and mounting other filesystems in the place of
some of those directories.

Most of that gets done automatically because the system has a
configuration file that says:

mount a filesystem of this kind, identified that way, at this
location.

And you can also mount filesystems by hand, if you have root
permissions:

mount -t ext4  /dev/sdb3 /mnt/foobar

means an Extended-4 filesystem, located at the third partition
of the second SCSI-class disk, to be joined at /mnt/foobar.

mount -t swap /dev/sda6

means a filesystem prepared to act as swap space, located at the
sixth partition of the first SCSI-class disk, to be joined into
the special swap system.

Special systems may also create apparent filesystems with no
physical disks behind them: tmpfs makes a filesystem in RAM,
procfs makes a filesystem that dynamically shows process
information, sysfs makes a filesystem that dynamically shows
kernel system information.

You probably want to read  https://debian-handbook.info/

-dsr-

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#225467

On 2020-07-28 13:53, gajuph4pre@yahoo.com wrote:
> I have manually partitioned my hard disk drive as follows:
> 
> /boot is assigned 200MB /root is assigned 10GB /swap is assigned 20GB
> /home is assigned 35GB /var is assigned 10GB /usr is assigned 5GB
> /usr-local is assigned 5GB /opt is assigned 5GB /srv is assigned 5GB
> 
> In terms of capacity, which of the above partitions are 
> over-provisioned?
> 
> Which of the above are under-provisioned?
> 
> Below are the essential information on my machine:
> 
> Intel i3-1005G1 CPU 4GB DDR4-2666MHz RAM onboard 250GB SSD No 
> discreet graphics card Machine not used for gaming or creative
> design work


On 2020-07-28 16:14, gajuph4pre@yahoo.com wrote:
> My hard disk drive is used to dual boot Microsoft Windows with 
> Debian. Secure Boot is enabled in the BIOS.
> 
> I assigned 100GB for Debian 10.4.
> 
> About your statement: "You don't need a separate /boot unless you're 
> running an odd filesystem for root."
> 
> I don't want Debian to install the Grub bootloader onto the space 
> occupied by Windows bootloader. I had an unpleasant experience when
> I installed Microsoft Windows 10 first followed by Debian Buster. I
> was unable to boot into Microsoft Windows OS. That's why I dedicated
> a discreet partition for Debian called /boot.
> 
> For your information, I use GPT (GUID Partition Table) on UEFI 
> firmware. MBR and legacy BIOS are behind me now.
> 
> Based on your recommendations, I only need the partitions named 
> below:
> 
> /root /home /swap (optional) /var


On 2020-07-28 16:17, gajuph4pre@yahoo.com wrote:
> Based on my experience, a full install of Microsoft Windows 10 Pro
consumes about 28.8GB of disk space.


On 2020-07-28 16:23, gajuph4pre@yahoo.com wrote:
> I only started to get serious about using Linux or *BSD distros 
> after Edward Snowden's revelations. Prior to that I was a 100%
> Microsoft
Windows guy.


On 2020-07-28 20:09, gajuph4pre@yahoo.com wrote:
> Sorry for the noob question but what does /home contain?

/home contains user home directories.  This is where all of your desktop 
settings and application data are stored by default.


I assume your computer is a laptop (?).  What is the make and model?


That is a recent processor:

https://ark.intel.com/content/www/us/en/ark/products/196588/intel-core-i3-1005g1-processor-4m-cache-up-to-3-40-ghz.html


I assume you laptop has only one drive bay (?).  What is the interface? 
  What is the make and model of the SSD?


How many memory module slots in the laptop?  What size modules are 
installed?  Are there any available slots?


Unfortunately, new hardware typically means Debian Stable lacks the 
device drivers needed to support your hardware.  This will force you to 
use Debian backports, Debian Testing, and/or Debian Unstable, which 
means more problems and more work.


On the positive side, your CPU supports virtualization.  I suggest that 
you run Debian inside a virtual machine.


Downsides include:

1.  Performance will not be maximum, but should be more than adequate.

2.  You may need to adjust hypervisor hot key assignments so that they 
do not interfere with desktop, apps, etc., key assignments inside the VM.


Upsides include:

1.  With dual-boot, you can only run one OS at a time.  I found this to 
be a major source of frustration -- no matter which OS I was running, I 
needed something on the other OS.  With a hypervisor, you can run your 
host OS and your VM simultaneously.  Problem solved.

2.  Virtual hardware provided by mainstream hypervisors is several years 
old, very well tested, and well supported by Debian and others.  This 
avoids a lot of headaches.  Debian Stable should "just work" OOTB.

3.  Mainstream hypervisors provide an option for virtual disks that grow 
with usage.  So, you can create a virtual disk drive, install Debian (~8 
GB for a graphical desktop install), and your laptop drive will only see 
what is actually used.  (I use and recommend 16 GB disks with 1 GB for 
boot, 1 GB for encrypted swap, and 12 GB for encrypted root.)

4.  You can share a folder between the host and the VM, making it easy 
to share files without having to figure out networking or file servers. 
  Thus, you don't need a large partition for /home.

5.  It is easy to add, remove, and resize virtual disks.  (Resizing 
partitions, volumes, and filesystems is dependent upon the OS running 
inside the VM.)

6.  Virtual machines can be exported and imported to and from other 
computers and cloud providers very easily.  Export and import make 
migrations, backup, and restore trivial.


David

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#225495

Hello,

On Tue, Jul 28, 2020 at 08:53:57PM +0000, gajuph4pre@yahoo.com wrote:
> I have manually partitioned my hard disk drive as follows:
> 
> /boot is assigned 200MB
> /root is assigned 10GB
> /swap is assigned 20GB
> /home is assigned 35GB
> /var is assigned 10GB
> /usr is assigned 5GB
> /usr-local is assigned 5GB
> /opt is assigned 5GB
> /srv is assigned 5GB

This is a terrible idea. It's near impossible to predict how your
usage will evolve so almost certainly one or more of these will fill
while others remain near empty.

If you want to do this, use LVM and pick minimal capacities for all
the above, leaving the majority unallocated. You can then grow
logical volumes as needed and the problem goes away.

Cheers,
Andy

-- 
https://bitfolk.com/ -- No-nonsense VPS hosting

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#226069

gajuph4pre@yahoo,

Andy Smith wrote:
> Hello,
> 
> On Tue, Jul 28, 2020 at 08:53:57PM +0000, gajuph4pre@yahoo.com wrote:
>> I have manually partitioned my hard disk drive as follows:
>>
>> /boot is assigned 200MB
>> /root is assigned 10GB
>> /swap is assigned 20GB
>> /home is assigned 35GB
>> /var is assigned 10GB
>> /usr is assigned 5GB
>> /usr-local is assigned 5GB
>> /opt is assigned 5GB
>> /srv is assigned 5GB
> 
> This is a terrible idea. It's near impossible to predict how your
> usage will evolve so almost certainly one or more of these will fill
> while others remain near empty.
> 
> If you want to do this, use LVM and pick minimal capacities for all

Definitely.  If you really want to have separate file systems for all
those mount points (and maybe even if you only have a few separate ones),
use LVM.

Instead of having your mount points' file systems directly on real disk
partitions, which are harder to re-size, sometimes needing time-consuming
copying to empty space on a disk, you'd have your file systems on
virtual partitions (LVM logical volumes) that can be re-sized easily.
(LVM uses the real disk partitions as LVM physical volumes, from which
space can be allocated to the LVM logical volumes.


One suggestion:  When you set things up, learn how to extend a logical
volume and enlarge its contained file system and then write down
instructions/reminders for yourself.  When you run out of space in some
file system in the middle of doing something else (likely months down the
road), you probably won't remember the LVM details you haven't thought
about since you set things up.

(I have my file systems set up on LVM logical volumes, the LVM physical
volumes set up on RAID arrays, and the RAID arrays set up on pairs of
partitions on my two disks.  Having detailed instructions, for, e.g.,
enlarging a file system and for replacing a failed disk, already written
down saved a lot of time and headaches and avoided mistakes.)


Daniel




> the above, leaving the majority unallocated. You can then grow
> logical volumes as needed and the problem goes away.
> 
> Cheers,
> Andy
> 

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#225499

Allright now,
enough!
This is the third question which just clearly shows you do not know
enough to do this yourself.
Please use the default install (not expert) and basically just
do what suggested to you. And then stay here. Learn how
to use and administer your computer. Then after a while you
are able to do this. Now you are so ahead of your own
abilities.

-H



-- 
Henning Follmann           | hfollmann@itcfollmann.com

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#225521

[Multipart message — attachments visible in raw view] — view raw

On Mi, 29 iul 20, 11:25:21, Henning Follmann wrote:
> Allright now,
> enough!
> This is the third question which just clearly shows you do not know
> enough to do this yourself.
> Please use the default install (not expert) and basically just
> do what suggested to you. And then stay here. Learn how
> to use and administer your computer. Then after a while you
> are able to do this. Now you are so ahead of your own
> abilities.

Been there, done that[1]. It's a very good way to learn ;)

[1] after installing Debian for the first time I upgraded to unstable 
within a few days. And then I hit "the yaird bug" :)

For details see the archives of debian-user.

Kind regards,
Andrei
-- 
http://wiki.debian.org/FAQsFromDebianUser

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