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Groups > uk.comp.os.linux > #23692 > unrolled thread
| Started by | Davey <davey@example.invalid> |
|---|---|
| First post | 2025-09-02 11:03 +0100 |
| Last post | 2025-09-03 23:31 +0000 |
| Articles | 18 on this page of 38 — 6 participants |
Back to article view | Back to uk.comp.os.linux
Here we go again Davey <davey@example.invalid> - 2025-09-02 11:03 +0100
Re: Here we go again Davey <davey@example.invalid> - 2025-09-03 08:57 +0100
Re: Here we go again Daniel James <daniel@me.invalid> - 2025-09-03 16:49 +0100
Re: Here we go again Theo <theom+news@chiark.greenend.org.uk> - 2025-09-03 17:21 +0100
Re: Here we go again Davey <davey@example.invalid> - 2025-09-03 17:48 +0100
Re: Here we go again Theo <theom+news@chiark.greenend.org.uk> - 2025-09-03 18:20 +0100
Re: Here we go again Davey <davey@example.invalid> - 2025-09-03 20:10 +0100
Re: Here we go again Davey <davey@example.invalid> - 2025-09-03 20:50 +0100
Re: Here we go again Davey <davey@example.invalid> - 2025-09-04 11:35 +0100
Re: Here we go again Daniel James <daniel@me.invalid> - 2025-09-04 17:30 +0100
Re: Here we go again Davey <davey@example.invalid> - 2025-09-04 19:52 +0100
Re: Here we go again Davey <davey@example.invalid> - 2025-09-05 23:49 +0100
Re: Here we go again Davey <davey@example.invalid> - 2025-09-08 11:50 +0100
Re: Here we go again "Vincent Coen" <VBCoen@gmail.com> - 2025-09-08 16:11 +0100
Re: Here we go again Davey <davey@example.invalid> - 2025-09-08 17:28 +0100
TRIM (Was: Here we go again) Daniel James <daniel@me.invalid> - 2025-09-15 16:00 +0100
Re: TRIM (Was: Here we go again) Davey <davey@example.invalid> - 2025-09-15 17:30 +0100
Re: TRIM Richard Kettlewell <invalid@invalid.invalid> - 2025-09-17 08:43 +0100
Re: TRIM Daniel James <daniel@me.invalid> - 2025-09-17 10:30 +0100
Re: TRIM Davey <davey@example.invalid> - 2025-09-17 11:05 +0100
Re: TRIM Daniel James <daniel@me.invalid> - 2025-09-17 15:12 +0100
Re: TRIM Davey <davey@example.invalid> - 2025-09-17 15:54 +0100
Re: Here we go again Davey <davey@example.invalid> - 2025-09-09 09:04 +0100
Re: Here we go again "Vincent Coen" <VBCoen@gmail.com> - 2025-09-09 12:19 +0100
Re: Here we go again Davey <davey@example.invalid> - 2025-09-09 18:03 +0100
Re: Here we go again "Vincent Coen" <VBCoen@gmail.com> - 2025-09-09 22:02 +0100
Re: Here we go again Davey <davey@example.invalid> - 2025-09-10 00:14 +0100
Re: Here we go again -Update Davey <davey@example.invalid> - 2025-09-11 17:12 +0100
Re: Here we go again -Update Davey <davey@example.invalid> - 2025-09-21 16:10 +0100
Re: Here we go again -Update "Vincent Coen" <VBCoen@gmail.com> - 2025-09-22 01:41 +0100
Re: Here we go again -Update Davey <davey@example.invalid> - 2025-09-22 09:29 +0100
Re: Here we go again Davey <davey@example.invalid> - 2025-09-10 12:43 +0100
Re: Here we go again Theo <theom+news@chiark.greenend.org.uk> - 2025-09-08 21:33 +0100
Re: Here we go again Daniel James <daniel@me.invalid> - 2025-09-04 20:07 +0100
Re: Here we go again Davey <davey@example.invalid> - 2025-09-05 02:47 +0100
Re: Here we go again Gordon <Gordon@leaf.net.nz> - 2025-09-03 23:46 +0000
Re: Here we go again Davey <davey@example.invalid> - 2025-09-04 09:36 +0100
Re: Here we go again Gordon <Gordon@leaf.net.nz> - 2025-09-03 23:31 +0000
Page 2 of 2 — ← Prev page 1 [2]
| From | Daniel James <daniel@me.invalid> |
|---|---|
| Date | 2025-09-17 15:12 +0100 |
| Subject | Re: TRIM |
| Message-ID | <10aefkj$3881o$1@dont-email.me> |
| In reply to | #23755 |
On 17/09/2025 11:05, Davey wrote: > So, as one who knew nothing of trimming before this conversation > started, I am now as confused as ever as to what is the best strategy > to employ. That's partly because it's really difficult to give an unambiguously correct answer. One size doesn't fit all. > Should I set up a regular fstrim event, and if so, how frequently? Once > per week, once per month, or after a heavy data writing session? Hard to say as we don't know the make/model of your SSD, how old it is, nor how full it is. Modern SSDs are designed to work without TRIM ... nevertheless using TRIM may be beneficial, and can help reduce SSD wear. The benefit you'll get from TRIM is more if your SSD is close to full. This is because as the SSD fills up there are fewer empty pages to which the controller can write new data and so more work for garbage collection to do. Better-quality SSDs (newer designs, more reputable brands) have cleverer software that works better without TRIM, but that can also make better use of information from TRIM. I would say that the "best" thing to do is to let the filesystem handle TRIM on-the-fly and forget about scheduled calls to fstrim. That's what I'm doing and nothing has bitten me yet ... but I may just be lucky. The SSD I use the most is a PNY device a year or so old so I expect it to be reasonably current and performant. Older and cheaper SSDs are reported to experience problems when doing TRIM on the fly, and if you have one of those then you would be better advised to use fstrim instead. Don't ask me which SSDs fall into this category because I can't give you a list. The time that fstrim will be most beneficial is not after writing data to the SSD, it's after erasing data from the SSD ... so if you delete a lot of files, or if you edit a lot of files (so that a new version is created and the old one is deleted), there will be a lot of sectors to TRIM. Just writing new data to the disk doesn't create unused sectors, so TRIM won't help. The general advice I see from people advocating the schedules use of fstrim is to do it once a week, unless you have reason to believe that you need to do it more often. I know that doesn't help much. fstrim doesn't take very long, and doesn't add to SSD wear, so there's no harm in running more often, it just won't add benefit. One thing I would add: If you decide to turn on on-the-fly TRIMming (by adding "discard" to /etc/fstab) it's worth running fstrim once first, to bring the SSD up to date with what's actually in use in the flash memory, and what isn't. It should stay current by itself after that. Does any of this help? -- Cheers, Daniel.
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| From | Davey <davey@example.invalid> |
|---|---|
| Date | 2025-09-17 15:54 +0100 |
| Subject | Re: TRIM |
| Message-ID | <10aei3k$399cl$1@dont-email.me> |
| In reply to | #23756 |
On Wed, 17 Sep 2025 15:12:35 +0100 Daniel James <daniel@me.invalid> wrote: > On 17/09/2025 11:05, Davey wrote: > > So, as one who knew nothing of trimming before this conversation > > started, I am now as confused as ever as to what is the best > > strategy to employ. > > That's partly because it's really difficult to give an unambiguously > correct answer. One size doesn't fit all. > > > Should I set up a regular fstrim event, and if so, how frequently? > > Once per week, once per month, or after a heavy data writing > > session? > > Hard to say as we don't know the make/model of your SSD, how old it > is, nor how full it is. > > Modern SSDs are designed to work without TRIM ... nevertheless using > TRIM may be beneficial, and can help reduce SSD wear. > > The benefit you'll get from TRIM is more if your SSD is close to > full. This is because as the SSD fills up there are fewer empty pages > to which the controller can write new data and so more work for > garbage collection to do. Better-quality SSDs (newer designs, more > reputable brands) have cleverer software that works better without > TRIM, but that can also make better use of information from TRIM. > > I would say that the "best" thing to do is to let the filesystem > handle TRIM on-the-fly and forget about scheduled calls to fstrim. > That's what I'm doing and nothing has bitten me yet ... but I may > just be lucky. The SSD I use the most is a PNY device a year or so > old so I expect it to be reasonably current and performant. > > Older and cheaper SSDs are reported to experience problems when doing > TRIM on the fly, and if you have one of those then you would be > better advised to use fstrim instead. Don't ask me which SSDs fall > into this category because I can't give you a list. > > The time that fstrim will be most beneficial is not after writing > data to the SSD, it's after erasing data from the SSD ... so if you > delete a lot of files, or if you edit a lot of files (so that a new > version is created and the old one is deleted), there will be a lot > of sectors to TRIM. Just writing new data to the disk doesn't create > unused sectors, so TRIM won't help. > > The general advice I see from people advocating the schedules use of > fstrim is to do it once a week, unless you have reason to believe > that you need to do it more often. I know that doesn't help much. > > fstrim doesn't take very long, and doesn't add to SSD wear, so > there's no harm in running more often, it just won't add benefit. > > One thing I would add: If you decide to turn on on-the-fly TRIMming > (by adding "discard" to /etc/fstab) it's worth running fstrim once > first, to bring the SSD up to date with what's actually in use in the > flash memory, and what isn't. It should stay current by itself after > that. > > Does any of this help? > Yes, it does, thank you. It sounds as though I might not bother unless I see nearly full drives. Is an SSD still called a 'drive'? My laptop is two and a half years old, the desktop is one year old. Both have only SSDs. One of the laptop's SSDs became terminally full, which prompted this whole saga. If you have followed this from the beginning, the OS re-installation from scratch has gone great, and the secondary SSD will be reinstalled soon. I have had a shedload of Real Life getting in the way of my computing, so completion has been delayed. Thanks. -- Davey.
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| From | Davey <davey@example.invalid> |
|---|---|
| Date | 2025-09-09 09:04 +0100 |
| Message-ID | <109on27$rnou$1@dont-email.me> |
| In reply to | #23719 |
On Mon, 08 Sep 2025 16:11:46 +0100 "Vincent Coen" <VBCoen@gmail.com> wrote: > Hello Davey! > > 08 Sep 25 11:50, Davey wrote to all: > > > <lRh*hRHlA@news.chiark.greenend.org.uk> > > <1099rhn$18ptm$1@dont-email.me> > > <lRh*94HlA@news.chiark.greenend.org.uk> > > <109bq2b$1lg6g$2@dont-email.me> <109ces1$1sb4s$1@dont-email.me> > > Daniel James <daniel@me.invalid> wrote: > > >> On 04/09/2025 11:35, Davey wrote: > >> > I am not familiar with all this, but I have identified the > >> > following: > >> > > >> https://cpc.farnell.com/kingston/snv3s-2000g/ssd-nv3-m-2-2280-pcie4- > >> 0- > >> > nvme/dp/CS37703?st=pcie%20to%20pci for the new SSD. > >> > Then a choice: > >> > For the SATA-USB adapter, possibly, at £9.78: > >> > > >> https://cpc.farnell.com/startech/usb3s2sat3cb/lead-sata-to-usb-with- > >> > >> > uasp/dp/CS34473?st=ssd%20to%20usb%20adapters > >> > or at £28.48: > >> > > >> https://cpc.farnell.com/startech/usb312sat3/adapter-usb3-1-10gb-s-sa > >> ta- > >> > ssd/dp/CS30219?st=ssd%20to%20usb%20adapters > >> > I do not see why there is such a price difference, unless one > >> > gets what one pays for. > >> > >> It's probably that the more expensive adaptor works with 3.5" > >> drives, and they have different power requirements. The page you > >> linked to does say that a power adaptor is included. 2.5" drives > >> (whether SSD or spinning rust) need only 5V. > >> > Looking for an M2-USB adapter, I found, for £42.38: > >> > > >> https://cpc.farnell.com/startech/m2-usb-c-nvme-sata/enclosure-usb-c- > >> to-m-2-nvme-sata/dp/CS35447?st=m2%20to%20usb%20adapters > >> > which looks as though it would do both jobs (not at the same > >> > time, of course). > >> > >> Both jobs? It'll house your M.2 NVMe drive (and would work with an > >> M.2 SATA drive) but won't work with a 2.5" SATA drive. Different > >> interface. > >> > >> Nice that it comes with both USB-A and USB-C cables ... but I'm > >> guessing you only need the former? > >> > >> It looks a little expensive, too. Have a look at: > >> > >> https://www.scan.co.uk/products/sabrent-ec-snve-usb32-type-c-enclosu > >> re-m2-pcie-nvme-sata-ssd-tool-free-10gbps-speeds-plug-and-play-a > >> or for that matter: > >> https://business.currys.co.uk/catalogue/computing/P219238P which > >> is perhaps an older version of the one you found? > > > OK, this is where I am. I am rapidly thinking that the easiest > > solution will be to remove the m2 SSD, which I believe still has > > the video files on it. Even if they are lost, they are mostly > > stored elsewhere. Then I would re-install the OS as a clean > > install onto the original SATA 1TB SSD, knowing that I would lose > > anything on there. Maybe not. The only major loss would be the > > Local Folders saved since the last Backup. Since my e-mail is via > > gmail. all messages are still available the server, and so the > > missing Local Folders could be restored, with some work. I have > > always backed up any altered documents every night. > > > Parts of my reasoning are that: > > > 1. The manufacturer does not offer now a direct 1TB or 2TB SATA > > SSD. Buying one from a different source would just add another > > possible layer of confusion, as if there were not enough already. > > It offers those sizes in HDD, but that would compromise speed. For > > a replacement SSD, it offers either 500GB (£59) or 4TB (£324). > > > 2. One thought is to buy the 500GB SSD, use that for the new > > install, grab the 'lost' data, save it elsewhere, and finally > > return the 1TB SSD and start again. But would a 500GB drive be big > > enough? Or possibly, for this job only, either the 1TB HDD, (£48), > > or the 2TB HDD (£71). But then they would sit on the shelf. > > > 3. The whole process of trying to mount the old SSDs and grabbing > > the data from them is an unknown to me, I have not managed to mount > > such partitions while booted from a Live USB. Essentially, I am > > talking about the Devil I know rather than the Devil I don't. > > > I can't help feeling that this simpler process would ultimately be > > more successful, and faster than attempting to grab the old data. > > > Hmmm. Remember, I am a Stranger in a Strange Land here. Thoughts? > > I do use both M.2 and sata SSD units and having tried a.m. other brand > (Crucial and found it was too painful to use cleaning using fstrim > because of a very poor controller) I switched to a Samsung 990 PRO > M.2 unit of 1TB although I wished I had purchased a larger one say 2 > - 4 TB. > > I still run fstrim one per day I am keeping an eye on its o.p to see > if I need to change it to 2 times per day at 00:00,12:00 and 40 > minutes (my semi-ish quiet time). > > My system is on 24/7 running bbs, ftp, web servers as well as other > services such as Mysql/mariadb server and a mainframe gateway / > inteerlink. > > On line I still do Cobol development for my O/S ACAS accounting > system with many manual updates heavy in the mix using LibreOffice > writer. There are around a dozen of these, many over 100 A4 pages. > > This I hope will reduce within the next month or two - there again I > have been saying that kind of thing for some years :( > > Still at 78, I do need something to keep me occupied as flying has > gotten way too expensive in the UK at 250 pounds per hour for 60 year > old Pipers and Cessnas singles - twins are out of question being on a > pension :) > > It is cheaper to rent time in a B737-8 sim than use one of these well > over priced a/c's and I do not have to pay extra for an instructor / > 2nd pilot. > > Vincent > > > I tried fstrim yesterday on my desktop, which has 2 SSDs, and it tried, but failed to do anything. I'll get back to it later. First things first. Further thinking (yes, I know!) has made we wonder. Even if I do manage to mount the old partitions on the laptop with a new primary SSD, I would not be able to transfer any application setups. Only files. The only files that I have not backed up already are the TB Local Folders since the last backup. Since to me this remote mounting is a New World to me, and attempts so far have proved unsuccessful, I am still inclined to: Remove the secondary drive m2 SSD, re-install Ubuntu from scratch onto the old primary, and then re-install the m2. Who knows, some of the old applications might survive this; maybe TB Local Folders might. Do I have this correct, or not? As always, thoughts all most welcome. -- Davey.
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| From | "Vincent Coen" <VBCoen@gmail.com> |
|---|---|
| Date | 2025-09-09 12:19 +0100 |
| Message-ID | <1757416788@f1.n250.z2.fidonet.ftn> |
| In reply to | #23722 |
Hello Davey! 09 Sep 25 09:04, Davey wrote to all: > <109mcdb$74et$1@dont-email.me> <1757344306@f1.n250.z2.fidonet.ftn> > "Vincent Coen" <VBCoen@gmail.com> wrote: >> Hello Davey! >> >> 08 Sep 25 11:50, Davey wrote to all: >> >> > <lRh*hRHlA@news.chiark.greenend.org.uk> >> > <1099rhn$18ptm$1@dont-email.me> >> > <lRh*94HlA@news.chiark.greenend.org.uk> >> > <109bq2b$1lg6g$2@dont-email.me> >> <109ces1$1sb4s$1@dont-email.me> >> > Daniel James <daniel@me.invalid> wrote: >> >> >> On 04/09/2025 11:35, Davey wrote: >> >> > I am not familiar with all this, but I have identified the >> >> > following: >> >> > >> >> >> https://cpc.farnell.com/kingston/snv3s-2000g/ssd-nv3-m-2-2280-pcie4- >> >> 0- >> >> > nvme/dp/CS37703?st=pcie%20to%20pci for the new SSD. >> >> > Then a choice: >> >> > For the SATA-USB adapter, possibly, at £9.78: >> >> > >> >> >> https://cpc.farnell.com/startech/usb3s2sat3cb/lead-sata-to-usb-with- >> >> >> >> > uasp/dp/CS34473?st=ssd%20to%20usb%20adapters >> >> > or at £28.48: >> >> > >> >> >> https://cpc.farnell.com/startech/usb312sat3/adapter-usb3-1-10gb-s-sa >> >> ta- >> >> > ssd/dp/CS30219?st=ssd%20to%20usb%20adapters >> >> > I do not see why there is such a price difference, unless one >> >> > gets what one pays for. >> >> >> >> It's probably that the more expensive adaptor works with 3.5" >> >> drives, and they have different power requirements. The page you >> >> linked to does say that a power adaptor is included. 2.5" >> drives >> >> (whether SSD or spinning rust) need only 5V. >> >> > Looking for an M2-USB adapter, I found, for £42.38: >> >> > >> >> >> https://cpc.farnell.com/startech/m2-usb-c-nvme-sata/enclosure-usb-c- >> >> to-m-2-nvme-sata/dp/CS35447?st=m2%20to%20usb%20adapters >> >> > which looks as though it would do both jobs (not at the same >> >> > time, of course). >> >> >> >> Both jobs? It'll house your M.2 NVMe drive (and would work with >> an >> >> M.2 SATA drive) but won't work with a 2.5" SATA drive. Different >> >> interface. >> >> >> >> Nice that it comes with both USB-A and USB-C cables ... but I'm >> >> guessing you only need the former? >> >> >> >> It looks a little expensive, too. Have a look at: >> >> >> >> >> https://www.scan.co.uk/products/sabrent-ec-snve-usb32-type-c-enclosu >> >> re-m2-pcie-nvme-sata-ssd-tool-free-10gbps-speeds-plug-and-play-a >> >> or for that matter: >> >> https://business.currys.co.uk/catalogue/computing/P219238P >> which >> >> is perhaps an older version of the one you found? >> >> > OK, this is where I am. I am rapidly thinking that the easiest >> > solution will be to remove the m2 SSD, which I believe still has >> > the video files on it. Even if they are lost, they are mostly >> > stored elsewhere. Then I would re-install the OS as a clean >> > install onto the original SATA 1TB SSD, knowing that I would lose >> > anything on there. Maybe not. The only major loss would be the >> > Local Folders saved since the last Backup. Since my e-mail is via >> > gmail. all messages are still available the server, and so the >> > missing Local Folders could be restored, with some work. I have >> > always backed up any altered documents every night. >> >> > Parts of my reasoning are that: >> >> > 1. The manufacturer does not offer now a direct 1TB or 2TB SATA >> > SSD. Buying one from a different source would just add another >> > possible layer of confusion, as if there were not enough already. >> > It offers those sizes in HDD, but that would compromise speed. >> For >> > a replacement SSD, it offers either 500GB (£59) or 4TB (£324). >> >> > 2. One thought is to buy the 500GB SSD, use that for the new >> > install, grab the 'lost' data, save it elsewhere, and finally >> > return the 1TB SSD and start again. But would a 500GB drive be >> big >> > enough? Or possibly, for this job only, either the 1TB HDD, >> (£48), >> > or the 2TB HDD (£71). But then they would sit on the shelf. >> >> > 3. The whole process of trying to mount the old SSDs and grabbing >> > the data from them is an unknown to me, I have not managed to >> mount >> > such partitions while booted from a Live USB. Essentially, I am >> > talking about the Devil I know rather than the Devil I don't. >> >> > I can't help feeling that this simpler process would ultimately >> be >> > more successful, and faster than attempting to grab the old data. >> >> > Hmmm. Remember, I am a Stranger in a Strange Land here. Thoughts? >> I do use both M.2 and sata SSD units and having tried a.m. other >> brand (Crucial and found it was too painful to use cleaning using >> fstrim because of a very poor controller) I switched to a Samsung >> 990 PRO M.2 unit of 1TB although I wished I had purchased a larger >> one say 2 - 4 TB. I still run fstrim one per day I am keeping an >> eye on its o.p to see if I need to change it to 2 times per day at >> 00:00,12:00 and 40 minutes (my semi-ish quiet time). My system is >> on 24/7 running bbs, ftp, web servers as well as other services >> such as Mysql/mariadb server and a mainframe gateway / inteerlink. >> On line I still do Cobol development for my O/S ACAS accounting >> system with many manual updates heavy in the mix using LibreOffice >> writer. There are around a dozen of these, many over 100 A4 pages. >> >> This I hope will reduce within the next month or two - there again I >> have been saying that kind of thing for some years :( >> >> Still at 78, I do need something to keep me occupied as flying has >> gotten way too expensive in the UK at 250 pounds per hour for 60 >> year old Pipers and Cessnas singles - twins are out of question >> being on a pension :) It is cheaper to rent time in a B737-8 sim >> than use one of these well over priced a/c's and I do not have to >> pay extra for an instructor / 2nd pilot. Vincent > I tried fstrim yesterday on my desktop, which has 2 SSDs, and it > tried, but failed to do anything. I'll get back to it later. First > things first. > Further thinking (yes, I know!) has made we wonder. > Even if I do manage to mount the old partitions on the laptop with a > new primary SSD, I would not be able to transfer any application > setups. Only files. The only files that I have not backed up already > are the TB Local Folders since the last backup. > Since to me this remote mounting is a New World to me, and attempts so > far have proved unsuccessful, I am still inclined to: Remove the > secondary drive m2 SSD, re-install Ubuntu from scratch onto the old > primary, and then re-install the m2. Who knows, some of the old > applications might survive this; maybe TB Local Folders might. > Do I have this correct, or not? Using Fstrim has to be via sudo e.g., sudo fstrim -av and here I get : sudo fstrim -av [sudo] password for mbse: /home: 5.4 GiB (5775577088 bytes) trimmed on /dev/nvme0n1p4 /: 950.7 MiB (996900864 bytes) trimmed on /dev/nvme0n1p2 Note that every time you reboot or restart running fstrim will produce size around the total capacity and this is normal but say a few minutes after rerunning it will give a more sensible number e.g., sudo fstrim -av /home: 319.8 MiB (335319040 bytes) trimmed on /dev/nvme0n1p4 /: 0 B (0 bytes) trimmed on /dev/nvme0n1p2 I you try running fstrim before shutting down for a drive swap but leave the system running for say 30 minutes before shutting down for a swap out and no, it just gives some time for the controller to clear out lost clusters etc. I am assuming here that your laptop has minimal extra drive capacity / Sata connections ? so what to do, if you have data files on the boot drive then removing the 2nd drive (assuming it is not needed when booting) and using new drive in place before copying over all such data having partitioning / format the new drive first (as root / sudo) AND knowing that you have fdisk or similar to do so. Also install rsync as it is quicker than using cp as multi copies are run at same time. Firstly install Linux on new drive as as m.2 slot one with no other drive present and install if not already fstrim, rsync & fdisk and any other packages you might need. Reboot and run update service then shutdown, reinstall old drive as slot two and do the above processes, i.e., copying over and folders from slot 2 to boot drive / partition as needed. Reboot - to confirm it still works. Remove m.2 slot 2, replacing with old 2nd drive and boot up. Now depending size of slot 1 and your needs copy over any folders from slot 2 to boot drive to any / all partitions you have created when first installing ---- Bye the bye, set up the partitions MANUALLY if possible creating any extra partitions AND formatting them (EXT 4 etc and create labels for them) as well as the one for booting the system - personally I use a max size of 50 GB for the boot partitions and I do have more than one on a drive so I can test a new version and/or install an other distro if I wish to experiment creating 40 - 50 GB partitions for them as a guess but but not below 20 GB, but you might want to use a different size depending on total capacity and your needs. Another option to moving m.2 units about is to get a adaptor that will take a m.2 drive that can be mounted as a usb drive and no never looked but assume they are around at a reasonable price. This option, will be slower in operation as USB is less than 5% speed of a M.2 drive. [ Here an m.2 runs at 6,000 Mb persec and USB 4-500 Mb if you are lucky - yes they actually operate well below specification speeds. Look you cannot go wrong PROVIDING you NEVER overwrite the original drives and only use them to copy FROM. OK, you might make mistakes and have to redo it all but it is only time and your original data is safe BUT, BUT only do this process when you are wide awake :( Vincent
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| From | Davey <davey@example.invalid> |
|---|---|
| Date | 2025-09-09 18:03 +0100 |
| Message-ID | <109pmku$145pu$1@dont-email.me> |
| In reply to | #23723 |
On Tue, 09 Sep 2025 12:19:48 +0100 "Vincent Coen" <VBCoen@gmail.com> wrote: > Hello Davey! > > 09 Sep 25 09:04, Davey wrote to all: > > > <109mcdb$74et$1@dont-email.me> <1757344306@f1.n250.z2.fidonet.ftn> > > "Vincent Coen" <VBCoen@gmail.com> wrote: > > >> Hello Davey! > >> > >> 08 Sep 25 11:50, Davey wrote to all: > >> > >> > <lRh*hRHlA@news.chiark.greenend.org.uk> > >> > <1099rhn$18ptm$1@dont-email.me> > >> > <lRh*94HlA@news.chiark.greenend.org.uk> > >> > <109bq2b$1lg6g$2@dont-email.me> > >> <109ces1$1sb4s$1@dont-email.me> > >> > Daniel James <daniel@me.invalid> wrote: > >> > >> >> On 04/09/2025 11:35, Davey wrote: > >> >> > I am not familiar with all this, but I have identified the > >> >> > following: > >> >> > > >> >> > >> https://cpc.farnell.com/kingston/snv3s-2000g/ssd-nv3-m-2-2280-pcie4- > >> > >> >> 0- > >> >> > nvme/dp/CS37703?st=pcie%20to%20pci for the new SSD. > >> >> > Then a choice: > >> >> > For the SATA-USB adapter, possibly, at £9.78: > >> >> > > >> >> > >> https://cpc.farnell.com/startech/usb3s2sat3cb/lead-sata-to-usb-with- > >> > >> >> > >> >> > uasp/dp/CS34473?st=ssd%20to%20usb%20adapters > >> >> > or at £28.48: > >> >> > > >> >> > >> https://cpc.farnell.com/startech/usb312sat3/adapter-usb3-1-10gb-s-sa > >> > >> >> ta- > >> >> > ssd/dp/CS30219?st=ssd%20to%20usb%20adapters > >> >> > I do not see why there is such a price difference, unless > >> >> > one gets what one pays for. > >> >> > >> >> It's probably that the more expensive adaptor works with 3.5" > >> >> drives, and they have different power requirements. The page > >> >> you linked to does say that a power adaptor is included. > >> >> 2.5" > >> drives > >> >> (whether SSD or spinning rust) need only 5V. > >> >> > Looking for an M2-USB adapter, I found, for £42.38: > >> >> > > >> >> > >> https://cpc.farnell.com/startech/m2-usb-c-nvme-sata/enclosure-usb-c- > >> > >> >> to-m-2-nvme-sata/dp/CS35447?st=m2%20to%20usb%20adapters > >> >> > which looks as though it would do both jobs (not at the same > >> >> > time, of course). > >> >> > >> >> Both jobs? It'll house your M.2 NVMe drive (and would work > >> >> with > >> an > >> >> M.2 SATA drive) but won't work with a 2.5" SATA drive. > >> >> Different interface. > >> >> > >> >> Nice that it comes with both USB-A and USB-C cables ... but > >> >> I'm guessing you only need the former? > >> >> > >> >> It looks a little expensive, too. Have a look at: > >> >> > >> >> > >> https://www.scan.co.uk/products/sabrent-ec-snve-usb32-type-c-enclosu > >> > >> >> re-m2-pcie-nvme-sata-ssd-tool-free-10gbps-speeds-plug-and-play-a > >> >> or for that matter: > >> >> https://business.currys.co.uk/catalogue/computing/P219238P > >> which > >> >> is perhaps an older version of the one you found? > >> > >> > OK, this is where I am. I am rapidly thinking that the easiest > >> > solution will be to remove the m2 SSD, which I believe still > >> > has the video files on it. Even if they are lost, they are > >> > mostly stored elsewhere. Then I would re-install the OS as a > >> > clean install onto the original SATA 1TB SSD, knowing that I > >> > would lose anything on there. Maybe not. The only major loss > >> > would be the Local Folders saved since the last Backup. Since > >> > my e-mail is via gmail. all messages are still available the > >> > server, and so the missing Local Folders could be restored, > >> > with some work. I have always backed up any altered documents > >> > every night. > >> > >> > Parts of my reasoning are that: > >> > >> > 1. The manufacturer does not offer now a direct 1TB or 2TB SATA > >> > SSD. Buying one from a different source would just add another > >> > possible layer of confusion, as if there were not enough > >> > already. It offers those sizes in HDD, but that would > >> > compromise speed. > >> For > >> > a replacement SSD, it offers either 500GB (£59) or 4TB (£324). > >> > > >> > >> > 2. One thought is to buy the 500GB SSD, use that for the new > >> > install, grab the 'lost' data, save it elsewhere, and finally > >> > return the 1TB SSD and start again. But would a 500GB drive be > >> > > >> big > >> > enough? Or possibly, for this job only, either the 1TB HDD, > >> (£48), > >> > or the 2TB HDD (£71). But then they would sit on the shelf. > >> > >> > 3. The whole process of trying to mount the old SSDs and > >> > grabbing the data from them is an unknown to me, I have not > >> > managed to > >> mount > >> > such partitions while booted from a Live USB. Essentially, I am > >> > talking about the Devil I know rather than the Devil I don't. > >> > >> > I can't help feeling that this simpler process would > >> > ultimately > >> be > >> > more successful, and faster than attempting to grab the old > >> > data. > >> > >> > Hmmm. Remember, I am a Stranger in a Strange Land here. > >> > Thoughts? > >> I do use both M.2 and sata SSD units and having tried a.m. other > >> brand (Crucial and found it was too painful to use cleaning using > >> fstrim because of a very poor controller) I switched to a Samsung > >> 990 PRO M.2 unit of 1TB although I wished I had purchased a larger > >> one say 2 - 4 TB. I still run fstrim one per day I am keeping an > >> eye on its o.p to see if I need to change it to 2 times per day at > >> 00:00,12:00 and 40 minutes (my semi-ish quiet time). My system is > >> on 24/7 running bbs, ftp, web servers as well as other services > >> such as Mysql/mariadb server and a mainframe gateway / inteerlink. > >> On line I still do Cobol development for my O/S ACAS accounting > >> system with many manual updates heavy in the mix using LibreOffice > >> writer. There are around a dozen of these, many over 100 A4 pages. > >> > >> This I hope will reduce within the next month or two - there > >> again I have been saying that kind of thing for some years :( > >> > >> Still at 78, I do need something to keep me occupied as flying has > >> gotten way too expensive in the UK at 250 pounds per hour for 60 > >> year old Pipers and Cessnas singles - twins are out of question > >> being on a pension :) It is cheaper to rent time in a B737-8 sim > >> than use one of these well over priced a/c's and I do not have to > >> pay extra for an instructor / 2nd pilot. Vincent > > > I tried fstrim yesterday on my desktop, which has 2 SSDs, and it > > tried, but failed to do anything. I'll get back to it later. First > > things first. > > > Further thinking (yes, I know!) has made we wonder. > > Even if I do manage to mount the old partitions on the laptop with > > a new primary SSD, I would not be able to transfer any application > > setups. Only files. The only files that I have not backed up > > already are the TB Local Folders since the last backup. > > Since to me this remote mounting is a New World to me, and > > attempts so far have proved unsuccessful, I am still inclined to: > > Remove the secondary drive m2 SSD, re-install Ubuntu from scratch > > onto the old primary, and then re-install the m2. Who knows, some > > of the old applications might survive this; maybe TB Local Folders > > might. Do I have this correct, or not? > > Using Fstrim has to be via sudo e.g., sudo fstrim -av and here I get : > > sudo fstrim -av > [sudo] password for mbse: > /home: 5.4 GiB (5775577088 bytes) trimmed on /dev/nvme0n1p4 > /: 950.7 MiB (996900864 bytes) trimmed on /dev/nvme0n1p2 > > Note that every time you reboot or restart running fstrim will > produce size around the total capacity and this is normal but say a > few minutes after rerunning it will give a more sensible number e.g., > > sudo fstrim -av > /home: 319.8 MiB (335319040 bytes) trimmed on /dev/nvme0n1p4 > /: 0 B (0 bytes) trimmed on /dev/nvme0n1p2 > > I you try running fstrim before shutting down for a drive swap but > leave the system running for say 30 minutes before shutting down for > a swap out and no, it just gives some time for the controller to > clear out lost clusters etc. > > I am assuming here that your laptop has minimal extra drive capacity > / Sata connections ? so what to do, if you have data files on the > boot drive then removing the 2nd drive (assuming it is not needed > when booting) and using new drive in place before copying over all > such data having partitioning / format the new drive first (as root / > sudo) AND knowing that you have fdisk or similar to do so. Also > install rsync as it is quicker than using cp as multi copies are run > at same time. > > Firstly install Linux on new drive as as m.2 slot one with no other > drive present and install if not already fstrim, rsync & fdisk and > any other packages you might need. Reboot and run update service then > shutdown, reinstall old drive as slot two and do the above processes, > i.e., copying over and folders from slot 2 to boot drive / partition > as needed. > > Reboot - to confirm it still works. > > Remove m.2 slot 2, replacing with old 2nd drive and boot up. > Now depending size of slot 1 and your needs copy over any folders > from slot 2 to boot drive to any / all partitions you have created > when first installing ---- Bye the bye, set up the partitions > MANUALLY if possible creating any extra partitions AND formatting > them (EXT 4 etc and create labels for them) as well as the one for > booting the system - personally I use a max size of 50 GB for the > boot partitions and I do have more than one on a drive so I can test > a new version and/or install an other distro if I wish to experiment > creating 40 - 50 GB partitions for them as a guess but but not below > 20 GB, but you might want to use a different size depending on total > capacity and your needs. > > > Another option to moving m.2 units about is to get a adaptor that > will take a m.2 drive that can be mounted as a usb drive and no never > looked but assume they are around at a reasonable price. This option, > will be slower in operation as USB is less than 5% speed of a M.2 > drive. [ Here an m.2 runs at 6,000 Mb persec and USB 4-500 Mb if you > are lucky - yes they actually operate well below specification speeds. > > Look you cannot go wrong PROVIDING you NEVER overwrite the original > drives and only use them to copy FROM. OK, you might make mistakes > and have to redo it all but it is only time and your original data is > safe BUT, BUT only do this process when you are wide awake :( > > > > Vincent > > > Vince, I know and appreciate your sincerity, but the last paragraph reeks of "What can possibly go wrong?" to me! Unless you can GUARANTEE full success, I am headed in the "Use what's there" direction. And it's the cheapest. Cheers -- Davey.
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| From | "Vincent Coen" <VBCoen@gmail.com> |
|---|---|
| Date | 2025-09-09 22:02 +0100 |
| Message-ID | <1757451772@f1.n250.z2.fidonet.ftn> |
| In reply to | #23724 |
Hello All! 09 Sep 25 18:03, Davey wrote to all: > <109on27$rnou$1@dont-email.me> <1757416788@f1.n250.z2.fidonet.ftn> > "Vincent Coen" <VBCoen@gmail.com> wrote: >> Hello Davey! >> >> 09 Sep 25 09:04, Davey wrote to all: >> >> > <109mcdb$74et$1@dont-email.me> >> <1757344306@f1.n250.z2.fidonet.ftn> >> > "Vincent Coen" <VBCoen@gmail.com> wrote: >> >> >> Hello Davey! >> >> >> >> 08 Sep 25 11:50, Davey wrote to all: >> >> >> >> > <lRh*hRHlA@news.chiark.greenend.org.uk> >> >> > <1099rhn$18ptm$1@dont-email.me> >> >> > <lRh*94HlA@news.chiark.greenend.org.uk> >> >> > <109bq2b$1lg6g$2@dont-email.me> >> >> <109ces1$1sb4s$1@dont-email.me> >> >> > Daniel James <daniel@me.invalid> wrote: >> >> >> >> >> On 04/09/2025 11:35, Davey wrote: >> >> >> > I am not familiar with all this, but I have identified the >> >> >> > following: >> >> >> > >> >> >> >> >> >> https://cpc.farnell.com/kingston/snv3s-2000g/ssd-nv3-m-2-2280-pcie4- >> >> >> >> >> 0- >> >> >> > nvme/dp/CS37703?st=pcie%20to%20pci for the new SSD. >> >> >> > Then a choice: >> >> >> > For the SATA-USB adapter, possibly, at £9.78: >> >> >> > >> >> >> >> >> >> https://cpc.farnell.com/startech/usb3s2sat3cb/lead-sata-to-usb-with- >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> > uasp/dp/CS34473?st=ssd%20to%20usb%20adapters >> >> >> > or at £28.48: >> >> >> > >> >> >> >> >> >> https://cpc.farnell.com/startech/usb312sat3/adapter-usb3-1-10gb-s-sa >> >> >> >> >> ta- >> >> >> > ssd/dp/CS30219?st=ssd%20to%20usb%20adapters >> >> >> > I do not see why there is such a price difference, unless >> >> >> > one gets what one pays for. >> >> >> >> >> >> It's probably that the more expensive adaptor works with >> 3.5" >> >> >> drives, and they have different power requirements. The page >> >> >> you linked to does say that a power adaptor is included. >> >> >> 2.5" >> >> drives >> >> >> (whether SSD or spinning rust) need only 5V. >> >> >> > Looking for an M2-USB adapter, I found, for £42.38: >> >> >> > >> >> >> >> >> >> https://cpc.farnell.com/startech/m2-usb-c-nvme-sata/enclosure-usb-c- >> >> >> >> >> to-m-2-nvme-sata/dp/CS35447?st=m2%20to%20usb%20adapters >> >> >> > which looks as though it would do both jobs (not at the >> same >> >> >> > time, of course). >> >> >> >> >> >> Both jobs? It'll house your M.2 NVMe drive (and would work >> >> >> with >> >> an >> >> >> M.2 SATA drive) but won't work with a 2.5" SATA drive. >> >> >> Different interface. >> >> >> >> >> >> Nice that it comes with both USB-A and USB-C cables ... but >> >> >> I'm guessing you only need the former? >> >> >> >> >> >> It looks a little expensive, too. Have a look at: >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> https://www.scan.co.uk/products/sabrent-ec-snve-usb32-type-c-enclosu >> >> >> >> >> >> re-m2-pcie-nvme-sata-ssd-tool-free-10gbps-speeds-plug-and-play-a >> >> >> or for that matter: >> >> >> https://business.currys.co.uk/catalogue/computing/P219238P >> >> >> which >> >> >> is perhaps an older version of the one you found? >> >> >> >> > OK, this is where I am. I am rapidly thinking that the >> easiest >> >> > solution will be to remove the m2 SSD, which I believe still >> >> > has the video files on it. Even if they are lost, they are >> >> > mostly stored elsewhere. Then I would re-install the OS as a >> >> > clean install onto the original SATA 1TB SSD, knowing that I >> >> > would lose anything on there. Maybe not. The only major loss >> >> > would be the Local Folders saved since the last Backup. Since >> >> > my e-mail is via gmail. all messages are still available the >> >> > server, and so the missing Local Folders could be restored, >> >> > with some work. I have always backed up any altered documents >> >> > every night. >> >> >> >> > Parts of my reasoning are that: >> >> >> >> > 1. The manufacturer does not offer now a direct 1TB or 2TB >> SATA >> >> > SSD. Buying one from a different source would just add >> another >> >> > possible layer of confusion, as if there were not enough >> >> > already. It offers those sizes in HDD, but that would >> >> > compromise speed. >> >> For >> >> > a replacement SSD, it offers either 500GB (£59) or 4TB >> (£324). >> >> > >> >> >> >> > 2. One thought is to buy the 500GB SSD, use that for the new >> >> > install, grab the 'lost' data, save it elsewhere, and finally >> >> > return the 1TB SSD and start again. But would a 500GB drive >> be >> >> > >> >> big >> >> > enough? Or possibly, for this job only, either the 1TB HDD, >> >> (£48), >> >> > or the 2TB HDD (£71). But then they would sit on the shelf. >> >> >> >> >> > 3. The whole process of trying to mount the old SSDs and >> >> > grabbing the data from them is an unknown to me, I have not >> >> > managed to >> >> mount >> >> > such partitions while booted from a Live USB. Essentially, I >> am >> >> > talking about the Devil I know rather than the Devil I don't. >> >> >> >> >> > I can't help feeling that this simpler process would >> >> > ultimately >> >> be >> >> > more successful, and faster than attempting to grab the old >> >> > data. >> >> >> >> > Hmmm. Remember, I am a Stranger in a Strange Land here. >> >> > Thoughts? >> >> I do use both M.2 and sata SSD units and having tried a.m. >> other >> >> brand (Crucial and found it was too painful to use cleaning >> using >> >> fstrim because of a very poor controller) I switched to a >> Samsung >> >> 990 PRO M.2 unit of 1TB although I wished I had purchased a >> larger >> >> one say 2 - 4 TB. I still run fstrim one per day I am keeping >> an >> >> eye on its o.p to see if I need to change it to 2 times per day >> at >> >> 00:00,12:00 and 40 minutes (my semi-ish quiet time). My system >> is >> >> on 24/7 running bbs, ftp, web servers as well as other services >> >> such as Mysql/mariadb server and a mainframe gateway / >> inteerlink. >> >> On line I still do Cobol development for my O/S ACAS accounting >> >> system with many manual updates heavy in the mix using >> LibreOffice >> >> writer. There are around a dozen of these, many over 100 A4 >> pages. >> >> >> >> This I hope will reduce within the next month or two - there >> >> again I have been saying that kind of thing for some years :( >> >> >> >> Still at 78, I do need something to keep me occupied as flying >> has >> >> gotten way too expensive in the UK at 250 pounds per hour for 60 >> >> year old Pipers and Cessnas singles - twins are out of question >> >> being on a pension :) It is cheaper to rent time in a B737-8 >> sim >> >> than use one of these well over priced a/c's and I do not have >> to >> >> pay extra for an instructor / 2nd pilot. Vincent >> >> > I tried fstrim yesterday on my desktop, which has 2 SSDs, and it >> > tried, but failed to do anything. I'll get back to it later. >> First >> > things first. >> >> > Further thinking (yes, I know!) has made we wonder. >> > Even if I do manage to mount the old partitions on the laptop >> with >> > a new primary SSD, I would not be able to transfer any >> application >> > setups. Only files. The only files that I have not backed up >> > already are the TB Local Folders since the last backup. >> > Since to me this remote mounting is a New World to me, and >> > attempts so far have proved unsuccessful, I am still inclined to: >> > Remove the secondary drive m2 SSD, re-install Ubuntu from scratch >> > onto the old primary, and then re-install the m2. Who knows, some >> > of the old applications might survive this; maybe TB Local >> Folders >> > might. Do I have this correct, or not? >> >> Using Fstrim has to be via sudo e.g., sudo fstrim -av and here I get >> : sudo fstrim -av [sudo] password for mbse: /home: 5.4 GiB >> (5775577088 bytes) trimmed on /dev/nvme0n1p4 /: 950.7 MiB (996900864 >> bytes) trimmed on /dev/nvme0n1p2 Note that every time you reboot or >> restart running fstrim will produce size around the total capacity >> and this is normal but say a few minutes after rerunning it will >> give a more sensible number e.g., >> sudo fstrim -av >> /home: 319.8 MiB (335319040 bytes) trimmed on /dev/nvme0n1p4 >> /: 0 B (0 bytes) trimmed on /dev/nvme0n1p2 >> >> I you try running fstrim before shutting down for a drive swap but >> leave the system running for say 30 minutes before shutting down for >> a swap out and no, it just gives some time for the controller to >> clear out lost clusters etc. >> >> I am assuming here that your laptop has minimal extra drive capacity >> / Sata connections ? so what to do, if you have data files on the >> boot drive then removing the 2nd drive (assuming it is not needed >> when booting) and using new drive in place before copying over all >> such data having partitioning / format the new drive first (as root >> / sudo) AND knowing that you have fdisk or similar to do so. Also >> install rsync as it is quicker than using cp as multi copies are run >> at same time. >> >> Firstly install Linux on new drive as as m.2 slot one with no other >> drive present and install if not already fstrim, rsync & fdisk and >> any other packages you might need. Reboot and run update service >> then shutdown, reinstall old drive as slot two and do the above >> processes, i.e., copying over and folders from slot 2 to boot drive >> / partition as needed. Reboot - to confirm it still works. Remove >> m.2 slot 2, replacing with old 2nd drive and boot up. Now depending >> size of slot 1 and your needs copy over any folders from slot 2 to >> boot drive to any / all partitions you have created when first >> installing ---- Bye the bye, set up the partitions MANUALLY if >> possible creating any extra partitions AND formatting them (EXT 4 >> etc and create labels for them) as well as the one for booting the >> system - personally I use a max size of 50 GB for the boot >> partitions and I do have more than one on a drive so I can test a >> new version and/or install an other distro if I wish to experiment >> creating 40 - 50 GB partitions for them as a guess but but not below >> 20 GB, but you might want to use a different size depending on >> total capacity and your needs. Another option to moving m.2 units >> about is to get a adaptor that will take a m.2 drive that can be >> mounted as a usb drive and no never looked but assume they are >> around at a reasonable price. This option, will be slower in >> operation as USB is less than 5% speed of a M.2 drive. [ Here an m.2 >> runs at 6,000 Mb persec and USB 4-500 Mb if you are lucky - yes they >> actually operate well below specification speeds. Look you cannot >> go wrong PROVIDING you NEVER overwrite the original drives and only >> use them to copy FROM. OK, you might make mistakes and have to redo >> it all but it is only time and your original data is safe BUT, BUT >> only do this process when you are wide awake :( Vincent > Vince, > I know and appreciate your sincerity, but the last paragraph reeks of > "What can possibly go wrong?" to me! > Unless you can GUARANTEE full success, I am headed in the "Use what's > there" direction. And it's the cheapest. > Cheers > -- > Davey. Here the trick is to only open these systems you are copying FROM as Read Only - the entire partition. via MOUNT i.e., sudo mount -r .... Vincent
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| From | Davey <davey@example.invalid> |
|---|---|
| Date | 2025-09-10 00:14 +0100 |
| Message-ID | <109qcdh$19eei$1@dont-email.me> |
| In reply to | #23725 |
On Tue, 09 Sep 2025 22:02:52 +0100 "Vincent Coen" <VBCoen@gmail.com> wrote: trimmed for brevity. > >> > >> Using Fstrim has to be via sudo e.g., sudo fstrim -av and here I > >> get : sudo fstrim -av [sudo] password for mbse: /home: 5.4 GiB > >> (5775577088 bytes) trimmed on /dev/nvme0n1p4 /: 950.7 MiB > >> (996900864 bytes) trimmed on /dev/nvme0n1p2 Note that every time > >> you reboot or restart running fstrim will produce size around the > >> total capacity and this is normal but say a few minutes after > >> rerunning it will give a more sensible number e.g., > >> sudo fstrim -av > >> /home: 319.8 MiB (335319040 bytes) trimmed on /dev/nvme0n1p4 > >> /: 0 B (0 bytes) trimmed on /dev/nvme0n1p2 > >> > >> I you try running fstrim before shutting down for a drive swap but > >> leave the system running for say 30 minutes before shutting down > >> for a swap out and no, it just gives some time for the controller > >> to clear out lost clusters etc. > >> > >> I am assuming here that your laptop has minimal extra drive > >> capacity / Sata connections ? so what to do, if you have data > >> files on the boot drive then removing the 2nd drive (assuming it > >> is not needed when booting) and using new drive in place before > >> copying over all such data having partitioning / format the new > >> drive first (as root / sudo) AND knowing that you have fdisk or > >> similar to do so. Also install rsync as it is quicker than using > >> cp as multi copies are run at same time. > >> > >> Firstly install Linux on new drive as as m.2 slot one with no > >> other drive present and install if not already fstrim, rsync & > >> fdisk and any other packages you might need. Reboot and run > >> update service then shutdown, reinstall old drive as slot two and > >> do the above processes, i.e., copying over and folders from slot > >> 2 to boot drive / partition as needed. Reboot - to confirm it > >> still works. Remove m.2 slot 2, replacing with old 2nd drive and > >> boot up. Now depending size of slot 1 and your needs copy over > >> any folders from slot 2 to boot drive to any / all partitions you > >> have created when first installing ---- Bye the bye, set up the > >> partitions MANUALLY if possible creating any extra partitions AND > >> formatting them (EXT 4 etc and create labels for them) as well as > >> the one for booting the system - personally I use a max size of > >> 50 GB for the boot partitions and I do have more than one on a > >> drive so I can test a new version and/or install an other distro > >> if I wish to experiment creating 40 - 50 GB partitions for them > >> as a guess but but not below 20 GB, but you might want to use a > >> different size depending on total capacity and your needs. > >> Another option to moving m.2 units about is to get a adaptor that > >> will take a m.2 drive that can be mounted as a usb drive and no > >> never looked but assume they are around at a reasonable price. > >> This option, will be slower in operation as USB is less than 5% > >> speed of a M.2 drive. [ Here an m.2 runs at 6,000 Mb persec and > >> USB 4-500 Mb if you are lucky - yes they actually operate well > >> below specification speeds. Look you cannot go wrong PROVIDING > >> you NEVER overwrite the original drives and only use them to copy > >> FROM. OK, you might make mistakes and have to redo it all but it > >> is only time and your original data is safe BUT, BUT only do this > >> process when you are wide awake :( Vincent > > > Vince, > > > I know and appreciate your sincerity, but the last paragraph reeks > > of "What can possibly go wrong?" to me! > > > Unless you can GUARANTEE full success, I am headed in the "Use > > what's there" direction. And it's the cheapest. > > > Cheers > > -- > > Davey. > > Here the trick is to only open these systems you are copying FROM as > Read Only - the entire partition. via MOUNT i.e., sudo mount -r .... > > > > Vincent > > Yes, but that needs the process of switching drives around etc etc to work as intended, plus buying adaptors and a drive that I may never need again. And even if it does go as described, it won't let me copy working applications to the new partitions, will it? Only files will be transferable, I can't just transfer stuff and then suddenly have a working Libre Office all ready to go, complete with all of my previous setup and preferences. And I can see an advantage in setting each application up again from scratch, as the upgrade to ver. 22.04 was, not a disaster, but certainly not the smooth installation as it was on the Desktop. It is possible that there was some confusion between the two SSDs. when doing the upgrade, as discussed earlier. Reinstalling the OS onto a blank SSD would prevent that, and would be similar to the original layout when ver. 18.04 was first installed, and it worked fine. 22.04 did not. The more I think about it, the more I am coming down on the restart plan, with no new items involved: Remove the M2SSD, wipe the primary drive (SATA SSD) and install a clean setup of ver. 22.04. Install required applications. When all is operating as it should, then re-install the M2SSD. The only files that I will lose are the TB Local Folders since the last backup, and they can be recreated, thanks to gmail keeping all messages. I appreciate what you say, and ma grateful for the thoughts, but TO ME my way has more advantages than disadvantages, and is simpler to implement. -- Davey.
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| From | Davey <davey@example.invalid> |
|---|---|
| Date | 2025-09-11 17:12 +0100 |
| Subject | Re: Here we go again -Update |
| Message-ID | <109usdr$2ocfs$1@dont-email.me> |
| In reply to | #23726 |
On Wed, 10 Sep 2025 00:14:56 +0100 Davey <davey@example.invalid> wrote: > > The more I think about it, the more I am coming down on the restart > plan, with no new items involved: > Remove the M2SSD, wipe the primary drive (SATA SSD) and install a > clean setup of ver. 22.04. Install required applications. When all is > operating as it should, then re-install the M2SSD. > The only files that I will lose are the TB Local Folders since the > last backup, and they can be recreated, thanks to gmail keeping all > messages. > > I appreciate what you say, and ma grateful for the thoughts, but TO ME > my way has more advantages than disadvantages, and is simpler to > implement. > My plan is now being carried out. The M2SSD is out, a new Ubuntu 22.04 OS has been installed on the wiped primary drive. Tomorrow will involve, amongst other applications installation, copying FF and TB profiles from backups. Some other applications are already installed. It's nice being able to read and write from/to the primary drive again. At some future time, I will re-install the M2SSD. But not yet. Sorry, Vince, but that's the way it is. -- Davey.
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| From | Davey <davey@example.invalid> |
|---|---|
| Date | 2025-09-21 16:10 +0100 |
| Subject | Re: Here we go again -Update |
| Message-ID | <10ap4hm$1q1ei$1@dont-email.me> |
| In reply to | #23745 |
On Thu, 11 Sep 2025 17:12:43 +0100 Davey <davey@example.invalid> wrote: > On Wed, 10 Sep 2025 00:14:56 +0100 > Davey <davey@example.invalid> wrote: > > > > The more I think about it, the more I am coming down on the restart > > plan, with no new items involved: > > Remove the M2SSD, wipe the primary drive (SATA SSD) and install a > > clean setup of ver. 22.04. Install required applications. When all > > is operating as it should, then re-install the M2SSD. > > The only files that I will lose are the TB Local Folders since the > > last backup, and they can be recreated, thanks to gmail keeping all > > messages. > > > > I appreciate what you say, and ma grateful for the thoughts, but TO > > ME my way has more advantages than disadvantages, and is simpler to > > implement. > > > My plan is now being carried out. The M2SSD is out, a new Ubuntu > 22.04 OS has been installed on the wiped primary drive. > Tomorrow will involve, amongst other applications installation, > copying FF and TB profiles from backups. Some other applications are > already installed. It's nice being able to read and write from/to the > primary drive again. > At some future time, I will re-install the M2SSD. But not yet. > > Sorry, Vince, but that's the way it is. > After a lot more Real Life getting in the way, I managed to return to the laptop today. I replaced the 2nd drive, and so far, it looks good. I have even managed to rename it as M2SSD. There is still a lot more to do to bring the machine back up to its previous level, but the path looks clear. But. It sits in my study, from where I have a good view of the patio and any visiting cats, plus the wildlife in the garden. The desktop is deeper in the house, and not where I want to spend my computing time. But I have got used to the monitor, which is much much bigger than the laptop's. So do I finish off the laptop's resurrection, and continue on while squinting at a smallish screen, or re-arrange my study so that the desktop takes the place of the laptop? Hmmm. Much thinking to be done. -- Davey.
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| From | "Vincent Coen" <VBCoen@gmail.com> |
|---|---|
| Date | 2025-09-22 01:41 +0100 |
| Subject | Re: Here we go again -Update |
| Message-ID | <1758501708@f1.n250.z2.fidonet.ftn> |
| In reply to | #23759 |
Hello Davey! 21 Sep 25 16:10, Davey wrote to all: > <109pmku$145pu$1@dont-email.me> > <1757451772@f1.n250.z2.fidonet.ftn> > <109qcdh$19eei$1@dont-email.me> <109usdr$2ocfs$1@dont-email.me> > On Thu, 11 Sep 2025 17:12:43 +0100 > Davey <davey@example.invalid> wrote: >> On Wed, 10 Sep 2025 00:14:56 +0100 >> Davey <davey@example.invalid> wrote: >> > >> > The more I think about it, the more I am coming down on the >> restart >> > plan, with no new items involved: >> > Remove the M2SSD, wipe the primary drive (SATA SSD) and install a >> > clean setup of ver. 22.04. Install required applications. When all >> > is operating as it should, then re-install the M2SSD. >> > The only files that I will lose are the TB Local Folders since the >> > last backup, and they can be recreated, thanks to gmail keeping >> all >> > messages. >> > >> > I appreciate what you say, and ma grateful for the thoughts, but >> TO >> > ME my way has more advantages than disadvantages, and is simpler >> to >> > implement. >> > >> My plan is now being carried out. The M2SSD is out, a new Ubuntu >> 22.04 OS has been installed on the wiped primary drive. >> Tomorrow will involve, amongst other applications installation, >> copying FF and TB profiles from backups. Some other applications are >> already installed. It's nice being able to read and write from/to >> the primary drive again. At some future time, I will re-install the >> M2SSD. But not yet. >> >> Sorry, Vince, but that's the way it is. >> > After a lot more Real Life getting in the way, I managed to return to > the laptop today. I replaced the 2nd drive, and so far, it looks good. > I have even managed to rename it as M2SSD. There is still a lot more > to do to bring the machine back up to its previous level, but the path > looks clear. > But. It sits in my study, from where I have a good view of the patio > and any visiting cats, plus the wildlife in the garden. The desktop is > deeper in the house, and not where I want to spend my computing time. > But I have got used to the monitor, which is much much bigger than the > laptop's. So do I finish off the laptop's resurrection, and continue > on while squinting at a smallish screen, or re-arrange my study so > that the desktop takes the place of the laptop? Hmmm. Much thinking to > be done. OR - plus the laptop into the monitor via the rear (usually) connector, plug in a wireless Kbrd and mouse and look to your hearts contentment. Vincent
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| From | Davey <davey@example.invalid> |
|---|---|
| Date | 2025-09-22 09:29 +0100 |
| Subject | Re: Here we go again -Update |
| Message-ID | <10ar1cf$285jl$1@dont-email.me> |
| In reply to | #23760 |
On Mon, 22 Sep 2025 01:41:48 +0100 "Vincent Coen" <VBCoen@gmail.com> wrote: > Hello Davey! > > 21 Sep 25 16:10, Davey wrote to all: > > > <109pmku$145pu$1@dont-email.me> > > <1757451772@f1.n250.z2.fidonet.ftn> > > <109qcdh$19eei$1@dont-email.me> <109usdr$2ocfs$1@dont-email.me> > > On Thu, 11 Sep 2025 17:12:43 +0100 > > Davey <davey@example.invalid> wrote: > > >> On Wed, 10 Sep 2025 00:14:56 +0100 > >> Davey <davey@example.invalid> wrote: > >> > > >> > The more I think about it, the more I am coming down on the > >> restart > >> > plan, with no new items involved: > >> > Remove the M2SSD, wipe the primary drive (SATA SSD) and install > >> > a clean setup of ver. 22.04. Install required applications. > >> > When all is operating as it should, then re-install the M2SSD. > >> > The only files that I will lose are the TB Local Folders since > >> > the last backup, and they can be recreated, thanks to gmail > >> > keeping > >> all > >> > messages. > >> > > >> > I appreciate what you say, and ma grateful for the thoughts, > >> > but > >> TO > >> > ME my way has more advantages than disadvantages, and is > >> > simpler > >> to > >> > implement. > >> > > >> My plan is now being carried out. The M2SSD is out, a new Ubuntu > >> 22.04 OS has been installed on the wiped primary drive. > >> Tomorrow will involve, amongst other applications installation, > >> copying FF and TB profiles from backups. Some other applications > >> are already installed. It's nice being able to read and write > >> from/to the primary drive again. At some future time, I will > >> re-install the M2SSD. But not yet. > >> > >> Sorry, Vince, but that's the way it is. > >> > > > After a lot more Real Life getting in the way, I managed to return > > to the laptop today. I replaced the 2nd drive, and so far, it > > looks good. I have even managed to rename it as M2SSD. There is > > still a lot more to do to bring the machine back up to its > > previous level, but the path looks clear. > > But. It sits in my study, from where I have a good view of the > > patio and any visiting cats, plus the wildlife in the garden. The > > desktop is deeper in the house, and not where I want to spend my > > computing time. But I have got used to the monitor, which is much > > much bigger than the laptop's. So do I finish off the laptop's > > resurrection, and continue on while squinting at a smallish > > screen, or re-arrange my study so that the desktop takes the place > > of the laptop? Hmmm. Much thinking to be done. > > OR - plus the laptop into the monitor via the rear (usually) > connector, plug in a wireless Kbrd and mouse and look to your hearts > contentment. > > > > > Vincent > > > But I then would have a monitor-less desktop. Another purchase..... Decisions, decisions. Cheers, -- Davey.
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| From | Davey <davey@example.invalid> |
|---|---|
| Date | 2025-09-10 12:43 +0100 |
| Message-ID | <109ro9g$1l4hc$1@dont-email.me> |
| In reply to | #23723 |
On Tue, 09 Sep 2025 12:19:48 +0100 "Vincent Coen" <VBCoen@gmail.com> wrote: > Using Fstrim has to be via sudo e.g., sudo fstrim -av and here I get : > > sudo fstrim -av > [sudo] password for mbse: > /home: 5.4 GiB (5775577088 bytes) trimmed on /dev/nvme0n1p4 > /: 950.7 MiB (996900864 bytes) trimmed on /dev/nvme0n1p2 > > Note that every time you reboot or restart running fstrim will > produce size around the total capacity and this is normal but say a > few minutes after rerunning it will give a more sensible number e.g., > > sudo fstrim -av > /home: 319.8 MiB (335319040 bytes) trimmed on /dev/nvme0n1p4 > /: 0 B (0 bytes) trimmed on /dev/nvme0n1p2 > > I you try running fstrim before shutting down for a drive swap but > leave the system running for say 30 minutes before shutting down for > a swap out and no, it just gives some time for the controller to > clear out lost clusters etc. I had used sudo before, but now it works. The /boot/efi: partition gives 504.9MiB trimmed, every time. /media/laptop:, the backup location for laptop files, started at 36.9 GiB, and dropped at the next run to 0, /: started at 361.3 GiB, then 205.4, then wandered about up and down and never settled. But at least fstrim is working. That will certainly be used on the laptop! -- Davey.
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| From | Theo <theom+news@chiark.greenend.org.uk> |
|---|---|
| Date | 2025-09-08 21:33 +0100 |
| Message-ID | <wIm*H98lA@news.chiark.greenend.org.uk> |
| In reply to | #23718 |
Davey <davey@example.invalid> wrote: > OK, this is where I am. I am rapidly thinking that the easiest solution > will be to remove the m2 SSD, which I believe still has the video files > on it. Even if they are lost, they are mostly stored elsewhere. > Then I would re-install the OS as a clean install onto the original > SATA 1TB SSD, knowing that I would lose anything on there. Maybe not. > The only major loss would be the Local Folders saved since the last > Backup. Since my e-mail is via gmail. all messages are still available > the server, and so the missing Local Folders could be restored, with > some work. I have always backed up any altered documents every night. > > Parts of my reasoning are that: > > 1. The manufacturer does not offer now a direct 1TB or 2TB SATA SSD. > Buying one from a different source would just add another possible > layer of confusion, as if there were not enough already. It offers > those sizes in HDD, but that would compromise speed. For a replacement > SSD, it offers either 500GB (£59) or 4TB (£324). I would not worry about matching brands - I can't think of any incompatibility of SATA SSDs nowadays, they're all pretty mature. I'd just a buy one from a mainstream make (ie not a Chinese brand sold on Amazon) from a decent retailer - eg from Scan: https://www.scan.co.uk/shop/computer-hardware/solid-state-drives/ssd-25-sata-iii https://www.scan.co.uk/shop/computer-hardware/solid-state-drives/15tb-to-5tb-25-sata3-ssds My normal technique is to not always buy the cheapest for a given size, but look at maybe the second or third cheapest. But none of the models Scan sell should give you problems - they aren't selling the budget brands. Just do this: 1. Make an installer USB stick (I think you already did this) 2. Check you can successfully boot the installer USB. Then power off, don't install anything. 3. Remove both the existing M.2 and SATA SSDs 4. Fit the new SATA SSD in place of the old one 5. Boot into BIOS and check the SATA SSD is detected. Don't change any settings. Power down. 6. Plug in and boot into the installer USB 7. Install a fresh Linux onto your only drive 8. Boot into your fresh install 9. Transfer the old SSDs into USB enclosures. Scan's selection isn't the cheapest in the world but should be decent enough: One of: https://www.scan.co.uk/shop/computer-hardware/solid-state-drives/enclosure-usb-31-18-25-sata or https://www.scan.co.uk/shop/computer-hardware/solid-state-drives/enclosure-usb-3-18-25-sata plus one of: https://www.scan.co.uk/shop/computer-hardware/solid-state-drives/enclosure-m2-usb 10. Plug them into your new system and they should be mountable as USB drives. Your data is likely all safe. > 3. The whole process of trying to mount the old SSDs and grabbing the > data from them is an unknown to me, I have not managed to mount > such partitions while booted from a Live USB. Essentially, I am talking > about the Devil I know rather than the Devil I don't. It's likely to be just a case of plugging them into a USB port and clicking on the icon(s) for the drive in your file manager. If you've mounted a USB drive before it's exactly the same. If you've mounted a USB drive in Windows before it's pretty similar. If that isn't working then there are more things to try, but try the above first. There's a good chance it'll just work. > I can't help feeling that this simpler process would ultimately be more > successful, and faster than attempting to grab the old data. > > Hmmm. Remember, I am a Stranger in a Strange Land here. Thoughts? Don't throw your data away for no reason. In my process above, nothing is irreversible - you can always put back the old drives to return to how things were before. But at the end of the day it's your call as to whether the data matters to you, and if it doesn't then just wiping your existing SSD is another way to go. In which case the procedure is just the same as above, except that you'd only remove the M.2 and keep the existing SATA. Theo
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| From | Daniel James <daniel@me.invalid> |
|---|---|
| Date | 2025-09-04 20:07 +0100 |
| Message-ID | <109co1o$1v6gn$1@dont-email.me> |
| In reply to | #23708 |
On 04/09/2025 11:35, Davey wrote: > Meanwhile, how am I supposed to mount the PC's partitions when booting > from a Live USB? I read various descriptions, but whatever I try does > not seem to work. I know that it might not work anyway, as the system > is borked, but I would love to know what I should be doing to make this > happen. If it still doesn't, then I will know that I have tried the > correct procedure, but it has failed. > 'Disks' identifies the partitions. but won't let me mount them. (that > sounds rude!). Oops! Almost overlooked this bit. First: It's usually obvious if the disk is recognized as having a meaningful filesystem. I use Debian rather than Ubuntu, but when I boot from a live USB on a PC that has an installed Linux system then IIRC there's a desktop icon you can just click on to mount that system's partitions. Second: You don't want to do that. Take the existing drives out of the system. Put the new big drive in. Boot from USB and install onto the new drive. Then boot from the new drive and connect the old drives (one at a time is probably best) using the USB adaptors. -- Cheers, Daniel.
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| From | Davey <davey@example.invalid> |
|---|---|
| Date | 2025-09-05 02:47 +0100 |
| Message-ID | <109dff8$24fmd$1@dont-email.me> |
| In reply to | #23711 |
On Thu, 4 Sep 2025 20:07:34 +0100 Daniel James <daniel@me.invalid> wrote: > On 04/09/2025 11:35, Davey wrote: > > Meanwhile, how am I supposed to mount the PC's partitions when > > booting from a Live USB? I read various descriptions, but whatever > > I try does not seem to work. I know that it might not work anyway, > > as the system is borked, but I would love to know what I should be > > doing to make this happen. If it still doesn't, then I will know > > that I have tried the correct procedure, but it has failed. > > 'Disks' identifies the partitions. but won't let me mount them. > > (that sounds rude!). > > Oops! Almost overlooked this bit. > > First: It's usually obvious if the disk is recognized as having a > meaningful filesystem. > > I use Debian rather than Ubuntu, but when I boot from a live USB on a > PC that has an installed Linux system then IIRC there's a desktop > icon you can just click on to mount that system's partitions. > > Second: You don't want to do that. > > Take the existing drives out of the system. Put the new big drive in. > Boot from USB and install onto the new drive. Then boot from the new > drive and connect the old drives (one at a time is probably best) > using the USB adaptors. > Thank you for the information. II didn't see any such icons when I booted from the Live USB. What you write makes sense, for sure. I will see if there is any help from the other local guy, but then, I might end up buying the necessary parts. Again, wish me luck! -- Davey.
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| From | Gordon <Gordon@leaf.net.nz> |
|---|---|
| Date | 2025-09-03 23:46 +0000 |
| Message-ID | <mhs2bbFifi8U2@mid.individual.net> |
| In reply to | #23696 |
On 2025-09-03, Davey <davey@example.invalid> wrote: > On 03 Sep 2025 17:21:51 +0100 (BST) > Theo <theom+news@chiark.greenend.org.uk> wrote: > >> Daniel James <daniel@me.invalid> wrote: >> > On 03/09/2025 08:57, Davey wrote: >> > > ... I am seriously wondering whether to remove the added SSD, the >> > > original m2SSD, and try again. This might lead to a total wipe and >> > > re-installation of the OS, the major problem being the loss of >> > > all my Thunderbird Local Folders since my last backup. In the >> > > perfect world, the replacement of the other SSD would restore it >> > > to the PC, but if it doesn't, I won't be surprised. >> > > >> > > It does seem that the main partition is full, and it won't >> > > complete a boot sequence. >> > > I really need some help here, please! >> > >> > It's really hard to know what actually happened to bring about your >> > problems in the first place, and how what you have done since to >> > try to try to remedy matters may have made them worse, or at least >> > more complicated. >> >> My guess is that there are two bootable drives (one M.2 and one SATA) >> and he is booting from the backup not the primary drive. And >> possibly it's using the boot partition on one and the rootfs on >> another, or some mixup like that. >> > > I agree with that, it matches GParted and Disks views. > >> > It would be easier if you had made image backups of all your disks >> > before you started. Time taken making a backup is never wasted. >> > > Unfortunately, one never knows when something is the beginning of a > problem. A week ago, it was all working smoothly, including access to > the 'lost' partition. The only known problem was the 'wrong' m2SSD' > name, and which partition it was booting from. Then it wouldn't boot. > >> > TBH at this stage my course of action would be to get a new drive >> > big enough to hold everything and do a clean install onto that, and >> > then try to mount your existing drives one at a time (maybe in some >> > sort of hot-swap (e.g. USB) external housing so they're not present >> > at boot time and UEFI can't mistake one drive for another (they >> > SHOULD have different GUIDs, but have they?)) and copy the the data >> > you need onto that clean system. >> >> Sensible. I'd suggest that if you take full-disc image backup, it's >> never connected to the machine at boot time. Then there is never any >> confusion over which drive you've booted from. >> > Sounds sensible. I need to look at large SSDs. I have never heard of > USB housings for SSDs, but then, I have had no reason to. > >> The same goes when you do a fresh install - if there is only one drive >> present in the machine, you can't get any pieces installed to the >> wrong drive. >> > > That was how it was originally set up. The extra SSD (m2SSD) was added > later, and it all worked fine for a couple of years. Everything started > to go wrong when I had to upgrade from Ubuntu 18.04 and went to 22.04. > There have been various problems since then, culminating in the present > uselessness. How did you upgrade? By a fresh install, or via the command line? > >> > It should be easy enough to copy /home from your (partly-)working >> > system(s) onto the new drive. Linux is pretty good at letting you >> > transplant a /home from one system to another, and so long as you >> > have installed all the applications you need onto the new one >> > everything should Just Work(TM). >> >> For Thunderbird, make sure you copy the ~/.thunderbird folder, >> and if it's Ubuntu and you're on the snap, also >> ~/snap/thunderbird/common >> >> Theo > > I have been given the name of a local guy who specialises in data > recovery, so presumably he knows a thing or two about this. I will call > him tomorrow and see what help he can be. I do not trust myself to go > deeper into uncharted waters at this point. > For now, I will leave the laptop unpowered. It spent most of > yesterday sitting there with a blinking cursor, but nothing else > happened. > > Thank you both for the advice, I will report (any) progress. >
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| From | Davey <davey@example.invalid> |
|---|---|
| Date | 2025-09-04 09:36 +0100 |
| Message-ID | <109bj31$1lg6g$1@dont-email.me> |
| In reply to | #23701 |
On 3 Sep 2025 23:46:51 GMT Gordon <Gordon@leaf.net.nz> wrote: > How did you upgrade? By a fresh install, or via the command line? > > A clean installation, using a Live USB. As is often the case with upgrades, lots of things with which I was familiar with 18.04 just weren't the same with 22.04. -- Davey.
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| From | Gordon <Gordon@leaf.net.nz> |
|---|---|
| Date | 2025-09-03 23:31 +0000 |
| Message-ID | <mhs1enFifi8U1@mid.individual.net> |
| In reply to | #23695 |
On 2025-09-03, Theo <theom+news@chiark.greenend.org.uk> wrote: > Daniel James <daniel@me.invalid> wrote: >> On 03/09/2025 08:57, Davey wrote: >> > ... I am seriously wondering whether to remove the added SSD, the original >> > m2SSD, and try again. This might lead to a total wipe and >> > re-installation of the OS, the major problem being the loss of all my >> > Thunderbird Local Folders since my last backup. In the perfect world, >> > the replacement of the other SSD would restore it to the PC, but if it >> > doesn't, I won't be surprised. >> > >> > It does seem that the main partition is full, and it won't complete a >> > boot sequence. This could well be the case. >> > I really need some help here, please! >> >> It's really hard to know what actually happened to bring about your >> problems in the first place, and how what you have done since to try to >> try to remedy matters may have made them worse, or at least more >> complicated. This is going to happen in real world cases. It is a sure bet. > > My guess is that there are two bootable drives (one M.2 and one SATA) and he > is booting from the backup not the primary drive. And possibly it's using > the boot partition on one and the rootfs on another, or some mixup like > that. What happens if to press F12 at boot up. Can you boot into any of the options? > >> It would be easier if you had made image backups of all your disks >> before you started. Time taken making a backup is never wasted. Totally correct. Also making some notes as to what the heck you have done is worth the time and paper. Another point is that cloning your system before you start means that you can try anything and when you have messed up you can reinstall the orginal messed up version. If possible also copy off your data and put it aside until you have sorted the situation out. There is a saying that it will take longer but it will be quicker. >> >> TBH at this stage my course of action would be to get a new drive big >> enough to hold everything and do a clean install onto that, and then try >> to mount your existing drives one at a time (maybe in some sort of >> hot-swap (e.g. USB) external housing so they're not present at boot time >> and UEFI can't mistake one drive for another (they SHOULD have different >> GUIDs, but have they?)) and copy the the data you need onto that clean >> system. > > Sensible. I'd suggest that if you take full-disc image backup, it's never > connected to the machine at boot time. Then there is never any confusion > over which drive you've booted from. > > The same goes when you do a fresh install - if there is only one drive > present in the machine, you can't get any pieces installed to the wrong > drive. > All true. >> It should be easy enough to copy /home from your (partly-)working >> system(s) onto the new drive. Linux is pretty good at letting you >> transplant a /home from one system to another, and so long as you have >> installed all the applications you need onto the new one everything >> should Just Work(TM). > > For Thunderbird, make sure you copy the ~/.thunderbird folder, > and if it's Ubuntu and you're on the snap, also ~/snap/thunderbird/common > Once again get ./thunderbird off you machine while you are fiddling with it. It has all you mail within it and the config files.
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