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Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vs Merlin vs ???

Started by	"touvell@gmail.com" <touvell@gmail.com>
First post	2019-07-30 08:37 -0700
Last post	2019-08-02 09:26 -0700
Articles	20 on this page of 67 — 16 participants

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#5167 — Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vs Merlin vs ???

From	"touvell@gmail.com" <touvell@gmail.com>
Date	2019-07-30 08:37 -0700
Subject	Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vs Merlin vs ???
Message-ID	<0345a392-b919-4062-bcc6-b5de758387c4@googlegroups.com>

Many years since doing any programming on the Apple IIs, I've been thinking about learning to do some assembly language programming on them.

In the past, after initially learning to program in Applesoft (mainly by typing in and studying programs from Nibble), I mainly used Applesoft, ZBasic,and TML Pascal for the little bit of programming I did. At one point I purchased ORCA/M, ORCA/Pascal, and ORCA/C, but ended up mostly using TML Pascal because I liked the GUI better than ORCA/Pascal's. I played around with EDASM/TED and Big Mac at one point, but didn't really do anything useful. Anyhow, all of that was 25+ years ago, so I'm starting fresh.

I don't read a lot here about the ORCA/M Assembler and was wondering if it would be a good choice to use for 8-bit and eventually 16-bit toolbox programming. It would be nice to start out with something that will scale up to the IIGS programming, instead of starting out with on older 8-bit only DOS 3.3 program.

Merlin seems pretty popular, so I was wondering if it would be a better choice to learn with. Maybe some other choice like Lisa or SC? There seem to be many available.

Thanks for any insights,
-Dave

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#5168 — Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vs Merlinvs ???

From	D Finnigan <dog_cow@macgui.com>
Date	2019-07-30 18:00 +0000
Subject	Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vs Merlinvs ???
Message-ID	<dog_cow-1564509127@macgui.com>
In reply to	#5167

touvell@gmail.com wrote:
> Many years since doing any programming on the Apple IIs, I've been
> thinking
> about learning to do some assembly language programming on them.

I learned assembly language on the Apple II first by using the
Mini-Assembler built in to the Old Monitor ROM, the enhanced Apple IIe, or
the Apple IIgs.

I also hand-wrote and hand-assembled the code into machine language and
manually entered it using the Monitor. The purpose here was to better learn
and memorize the hex opcodes. This is useful because you'll often be
patching code in RAM to debug it, so there's a handful of opcodes to be
memorized.

The programs I wrote were only a couple dozen bytes in length at most.

After I'd mastered the basics of the instruction set & the simpler
addressing modes, then I moved on the Big Mac and Merlin.

I found the biggest learning curve was the addressing modes, understanding
how they work, and knowing which mode is best suited for which situation.

-- 
]DF$
The New Apple II User's Guide:
https://macgui.com/newa2guide/

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#5169

From	Andy McFadden <thefadden@gmail.com>
Date	2019-07-30 13:01 -0700
Message-ID	<db901a22-3637-4824-9e95-efd78e30ec8e@googlegroups.com>
In reply to	#5167

On Tuesday, July 30, 2019 at 8:37:06 AM UTC-7, tou...@gmail.com wrote:
> Merlin seems pretty popular, so I was wondering if it would be a better choice to learn with. Maybe some other choice like Lisa or SC? There seem to be many available.

The most popular are Merlin, which is also available as a cross-assembler (Merlin 32), and Orca/M, which was part of the APW tools that Apple distributed for the IIgs.

Are you committed to doing the work on the target machine (to get that full retro experience)?  It's pretty common to cross-assemble and copy the binaries across, especially for larger projects.  (Which is nothing new... I remember Andy Nicholas doing GS/ShrinkIt builds on a Mac.)

I wrote fdraw using Merlin on an Apple IIgs, going almost full retro.  I say "almost" because the IIgs was actually a copy of KEGS running under Windows.

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#5170

From	"Frank M." <frank_o_rama@hotmail.com>
Date	2019-07-30 14:27 -0700
Message-ID	<ac518f3f-682f-472b-8f27-cfbbfa6583a1@googlegroups.com>
In reply to	#5169

you're gonna want to check out  http://www.brutaldeluxe.fr/  for lots of gs programming stuff, source code, etc (home of Merlin32 and CADIUS).

https://www.brutaldeluxe.fr/products/crossdevtools/merlin/

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#5175

From	"touvell@gmail.com" <touvell@gmail.com>
Date	2019-07-30 18:37 -0700
Message-ID	<b845c9a1-bcbb-4a0b-a7ba-89bc5cd2d1b4@googlegroups.com>
In reply to	#5170

On Tuesday, July 30, 2019 at 5:27:28 PM UTC-4, Frank M. wrote:
> you're gonna want to check out  http://www.brutaldeluxe.fr/  for lots of gs programming stuff, source code, etc (home of Merlin32 and CADIUS).
> 
> https://www.brutaldeluxe.fr/products/crossdevtools/merlin/

Thanks Frank. I saw the BrutalDeluxe stuff. Lots of great information on that site. As for Merlin32, I think I'm going to start out in "semi-retro" mode, though. If I actually get into any heavy programming, which I doubt, I might look into it again.
-Dave

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#5172 — Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vsMerlin vs ???

From	D Finnigan <dog_cow@macgui.com>
Date	2019-07-31 00:09 +0000
Subject	Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vsMerlin vs ???
Message-ID	<dog_cow-1564531296@macgui.com>
In reply to	#5169

Andy McFadden wrote:
> On Tuesday, July 30, 2019 at 8:37:06 AM UTC-7, tou...@gmail.com wrote:
>> Merlin seems pretty popular, so I was wondering if it would be a better
>> choice to learn with. Maybe some other choice like Lisa or SC? There seem
>> to be many available.
> 
> The most popular are Merlin, which is also available as a cross-assembler
> (Merlin 32), and Orca/M, which was part of the APW tools that Apple
> distributed for the IIgs.
> 
> Are you committed to doing the work on the target machine (to get that
> full
> retro experience)?  

If you use a native Apple II assembler on real Apple II hardware, as I
always do, I highly recommend an accelerator. I use a Transwarp in my Apple
IIe. But if you have an Apple IIgs, you already get a little speed boost.
;-)

-- 
]DF$
The New Apple II User's Guide:
https://macgui.com/newa2guide/

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#5174 — Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vsMerlin vs ???

From	"touvell@gmail.com" <touvell@gmail.com>
Date	2019-07-30 18:34 -0700
Subject	Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vsMerlin vs ???
Message-ID	<42f33ef3-5c45-4e1f-9ceb-ffbe3a7421bf@googlegroups.com>
In reply to	#5172

On Tuesday, July 30, 2019 at 8:09:44 PM UTC-4, D Finnigan wrote:
> 
> If you use a native Apple II assembler on real Apple II hardware, as I
> always do, I highly recommend an accelerator. I use a Transwarp in my Apple
> IIe. But if you have an Apple IIgs, you already get a little speed boost.
> ;-)
> 
> -- 
> ]DF$
> The New Apple II User's Guide:
> https://macgui.com/newa2guide/

I've got a TranswarpGS in my IIGS. Stock 8 MHz but it really helps.
-Dave

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#5171

From	"touvell@gmail.com" <touvell@gmail.com>
Date	2019-07-30 15:38 -0700
Message-ID	<30de082a-f1f7-4d82-9dca-1da776077447@googlegroups.com>
In reply to	#5167

David, I remember playing around some with the mini-assembler, too. I started out with an Apple II with the integer basic ROM. I didn't get very far with any of them, though. 

Andy, I'm thinking more of the "almost retro" mode, using an emulator (under Windows or Linux). But I also have some real Apples that worked when they were last set up a few years ago. I plan to at least get a IIGS up and running again at some point.

I'm leaning toward the ORCA/M, since I already own it and some of the other Byteworks tools, and have used parts of the Byteworks suite in the past. But Merlin looks to be pretty popular around here, and the program and docs seem to be readily available on the net so I'm not against trying it, since I'm essentially starting over.

-Dave

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#5173 — Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vsMerlin vs ???

From	D Finnigan <dog_cow@macgui.com>
Date	2019-07-31 00:11 +0000
Subject	Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vsMerlin vs ???
Message-ID	<dog_cow-1564531400@macgui.com>
In reply to	#5171

touvell@gmail.com wrote:
> 
> I'm leaning toward the ORCA/M, since I already own it and some of the
> other
> Byteworks tools, and have used parts of the Byteworks suite in the past.
>

My impression of ORCA/M is that it really shines when working on a
large-scale project. Also, ORCA/M will integrate with the other Byteworks
languages. For small to medium-size code bases, Merlin is just fine.

-- 
]DF$
The New Apple II User's Guide:
https://macgui.com/newa2guide/

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#5176 — Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vsMerlin vs ???

From	"touvell@gmail.com" <touvell@gmail.com>
Date	2019-07-30 18:41 -0700
Subject	Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vsMerlin vs ???
Message-ID	<d9cece0c-559a-47de-81b7-a33011e2b91d@googlegroups.com>
In reply to	#5173

On Tuesday, July 30, 2019 at 8:11:27 PM UTC-4, D Finnigan wrote:
> 
> My impression of ORCA/M is that it really shines when working on a
> large-scale project. Also, ORCA/M will integrate with the other Byteworks
> languages. For small to medium-size code bases, Merlin is just fine.
> 
> -- 
> ]DF$
> The New Apple II User's Guide:
> https://macgui.com/newa2guide/

I don't see any large-scale projects in my future, but like the idea of having other languages and tools under the same system. I think I'm going to install both ORCA and Merlin in an emulator and play around with them to see which I like better.

So, there seems to be a bunch of different versions of Merlin. I'm guessing Merlin16+ is the latest to use on a GS?

-Dave

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#5177 — Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vsMerlin vs ???

From	"touvell@gmail.com" <touvell@gmail.com>
Date	2019-07-31 19:51 -0700
Subject	Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vsMerlin vs ???
Message-ID	<a747bcdc-c488-47a5-b343-7863742db87d@googlegroups.com>
In reply to	#5176

Update:

I installed ORCA/M 2.1.0 and Merlin 16+ 4.08 (BTW, are those the latest versions?) onto a clean GSOS 6.0.1 hard drive image for use with ActiveGS & GSPort, and played around with them, going through the "Hello World" examples in each, and making a few changes to them to see what happens.

I have to say, I think I like Merlin better, especially for learning assembly language. ORCA/M seemed more like a "high-level" language, at least with the example program in the manual. Everything was done through calls to macros or libraries. That's probably great for production, but not so good for understanding what's going on.

Merlin's example actually used opcodes to do things, which is more what I'm looking for. I want something a little above the mini-assembler to learn with, but that is powerful enough to be useful as my learning progresses. It looks like Merlin is that assembler. I think I see why it's so popular. 

I'm sure both of them can do things either way, and it's just how the authors chose the examples to present, so nothing is set in stone after just one evening of playing around. But Merlin is definitely easy to use and looks good at this point. There also seems to be more Merlin source code to examine and play around with than other assemblers, which is one of the ways I learn.

Thanks for the help,
-Dave

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#5178 — Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vsMerlin vs ???

From	Antoine Vignau <antoine.vignau@laposte.net>
Date	2019-07-31 21:17 -0700
Subject	Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vsMerlin vs ???
Message-ID	<783cdf19-d25b-436d-a8e1-344ae45258f1@googlegroups.com>
In reply to	#5177

* Dave,

mx %11
org $800

ldx #0
]lp lda mySTR,x
beq theEND
jsr COUT
inx
bne ]lp
theEND rts

mySTR asc "There is a 4.12 of Merlin 16+."00

* av

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#5180 — Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vsMerlin vs ???

From	"touvell@gmail.com" <touvell@gmail.com>
Date	2019-08-01 15:51 -0700
Subject	Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vsMerlin vs ???
Message-ID	<4b932048-429d-45ac-9544-64c573ad4ee6@googlegroups.com>
In reply to	#5178

On Thursday, August 1, 2019 at 12:17:07 AM UTC-4, Antoine Vignau wrote:
> * Dave,
> 
> mx %11
> org $800
> 
> ldx #0
> ]lp lda mySTR,x
> beq theEND
> jsr COUT
> inx
> bne ]lp
> theEND rts
> 
> mySTR asc "There is a 4.12 of Merlin 16+."00
> 
> * av

 * Antoine,
 
 mx %11
 org $800
> 
> ldx #0
> ]lp lda mySTR,x
> beq theEND
> jsr COUT
> inx
> bne ]lp
> theEND rts
> 
> mySTR asc "There is a 4.12 of Merlin 16+."00
> 
> * av

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#5181 — Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vsMerlin vs ???

From	"touvell@gmail.com" <touvell@gmail.com>
Date	2019-08-01 16:07 -0700
Subject	Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vsMerlin vs ???
Message-ID	<b4371b60-8ea5-4788-9e9a-92a5af74e502@googlegroups.com>
In reply to	#5178

On Thursday, August 1, 2019 at 12:17:07 AM UTC-4, Antoine Vignau wrote:
> * Dave,
> 
> mx %11
> org $800
> 
> ldx #0
> ]lp lda mySTR,x
> beq theEND
> jsr COUT
> inx
> bne ]lp
> theEND rts
> 
> mySTR asc "There is a 4.12 of Merlin 16+."00
> 
> * av

* Antoine,

  mx %11 ;8-bit mode
  org $800 ;program start address

COUT equ #FDED ;had to define this - a "learning experience"? :)

  ldx #0 ; load x-register with zero
]lp lda mySTR,x ;label start of loop - load character number 'x' from myStr
  beq theEND ;exit loop if $00 encountered (end of string)
  jsr COUT ;output character to screen
  inx ;icrement counter (x-reg)
  bne ]lp ;goto ]lp if not zero
theEND rts ; quit back to system

 mySTR asc "I can't get it to work - See below :("00

 * Dave

It assembles fine after defining COUT, but I get no output and (no errors) when run.

I suspect it has something to do with SystemEnvironmetInit, SysIOStartup, and SysIOShutDown?

The Orca/M "Hello World" example acted the same way and wouldn't work without:

 jsl SystemEnvironmentInit
 jsl SyusIOStartup

before trying to print anything to the screen, and ending with

 jsl SysIOShutDown

but I cant for the life of me figure out how to do this in Merlin. And I can't find the addresses to define for these three routines.

Is there a library or macro or something that I need to use in Merlin?

I'm running Merlin 16+ 4.08 under GS/OS System 6.0.1 in ActiveGS emulator.

-Dave

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#5184 — Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vsMerlin vs ???

From	James Davis <JPD.Enterprises@outlook.com>
Date	2019-08-01 18:54 -0700
Subject	Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vsMerlin vs ???
Message-ID	<13f95c41-6cee-4e86-adde-93ed57c65107@googlegroups.com>
In reply to	#5181

On Thursday, August 1, 2019 at 4:07:36 PM UTC-7, tou...@gmail.com wrote:

> but I cant for the life of me figure out how to do this in Merlin.
> 
> -Dave

IIRC, the Merlin User Manuals are available for download on Asimov.

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#5185 — Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vsMerlin vs ???

From	"touvell@gmail.com" <touvell@gmail.com>
Date	2019-08-01 20:55 -0700
Subject	Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vsMerlin vs ???
Message-ID	<233f1513-0aae-48bb-b416-7dd7c18e3d58@googlegroups.com>
In reply to	#5184

On Thursday, August 1, 2019 at 9:54:44 PM UTC-4, James Davis wrote:
> On Thursday, August 1, 2019 at 4:07:36 PM UTC-7, tou...@gmail.com wrote:
> 
> > but I cant for the life of me figure out how to do this in Merlin.
> > 
> > -Dave
> 
> IIRC, the Merlin User Manuals are available for download on Asimov.

Thanks, James. 

I have the Merlin 8/16 manual and Merlin 16+ Supplement (probably got them from there), but I can't find the solution in them.

After studying this some more, it seems to me that the Orca/M example must be generating a file for GSOS instead of 8-bit code. So that's no help. I thought from reading the Merlin manual that the mx %11 statement set the assembler for 8-bit mode, and the programs run ok under ProDOS 8, but they don't show the output. I also tried the XC OFF directive, like suggested in the Merlin 16+ Supplement, but it didn't change the result either.

I also tried it with Merlin 16 (not 16+) and got the same result. I tried it again with Merlin 16, booting the ProDOS 8 disk it was on instead of launching from GSOS, and it still didn't work.

I tried it with Merlin 8 and it worked (after removing the mx %11 statement, which wouldn't apply)

So, I still haven't figured out how to make Merlin 16 or 16+ make a program that works under ProDOS 8.

I haven't given up, though. Just need to get some real work done before messing with it anymore.

Thanks,
-Dave

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#5186 — Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vsMerlin vs ???

From	Antoine Vignau <antoine.vignau@laposte.net>
Date	2019-08-01 23:38 -0700
Subject	Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vsMerlin vs ???
Message-ID	<c1a150f4-b714-46b1-97b9-2dacaefc707c@googlegroups.com>
In reply to	#5185

Hi Dave,
If you are using Orcam, I cannot help you, but with Merlin and with the forgotten COUT = $FDED ; with a dollar sign, then it should work ;-)

Antoine

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#5188 — Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vsMerlin vs ???

From	"touvell@gmail.com" <touvell@gmail.com>
Date	2019-08-02 06:26 -0700
Subject	Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vsMerlin vs ???
Message-ID	<0388588b-7804-4419-b62d-d2445c1bfb5b@googlegroups.com>
In reply to	#5186

On Friday, August 2, 2019 at 2:38:23 AM UTC-4, Antoine Vignau wrote:
> Hi Dave,
> If you are using Orcam, I cannot help you, but with Merlin and with the forgotten COUT = $FDED ; with a dollar sign, then it should work ;-)
> 
> Antoine

Antoine,
I'm using Merlin 16+ v4.08. I tried under ORCA/M because I couldn't get Merlin to work.

I did have the $ in the COUT equ $FDED staement. I just missed it when I typed in the message. The program assembles and runs fine with Merlin 16/16+, it just doesn't show any text on the screen. It works using Merlin 8, though.

Thanks,
Dave

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#5187 — Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vsMerlin vs ???

From	andrew.roughan@writeme.com
Date	2019-08-02 03:38 -0700
Subject	Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vsMerlin vs ???
Message-ID	<7c5d225d-db00-43a2-b796-1758adab875a@googlegroups.com>
In reply to	#5185

On Friday, August 2, 2019 at 1:55:29 PM UTC+10, tou...@gmail.com wrote:
> After studying this some more, it seems to me that the Orca/M example must be generating a file for GSOS instead of 8-bit code. 

It is.

> I also tried it with Merlin 16 (not 16+) and got the same result. I tried it again with Merlin 16, booting the ProDOS 8 disk it was on instead of launching from GSOS, and it still didn't work.

You don't state how you got from source code to object code on disk in a form that would boot.

Adding this to the end will create a binary file of the output in your current directory:
 SAV EXAMPLE

You could then expect to move that file to a bootable ProDOS disk which starts BASIC.SYSTEM and end up at the ] prompt after booting it and from where you could

]BRUN EXAMPLE

I happen to have multiple hard drive images connected via smartport and after starting BASIC.SYSTEM from GS.OS I was not able to PREFIX to my volume. This is probably a problem with the smartport mapping in the ProDOS I am using.

When I copied my binary file to a volume that I could prefix to, BRUN EXAMPLE showed the output on my screen.

Regards,
Andrew

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#5189 — Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vsMerlin vs ???

From	"touvell@gmail.com" <touvell@gmail.com>
Date	2019-08-02 06:42 -0700
Subject	Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vsMerlin vs ???
Message-ID	<b1b2c909-fddd-4094-b9a8-a093d72517f1@googlegroups.com>
In reply to	#5187

On Friday, August 2, 2019 at 6:38:42 AM UTC-4, andrew...@writeme.com wrote:
> On Friday, August 2, 2019 at 1:55:29 PM UTC+10, tou...@gmail.com wrote:
> > After studying this some more, it seems to me that the Orca/M example must be generating a file for GSOS instead of 8-bit code. 
> 
> It is.
> 
> > I also tried it with Merlin 16 (not 16+) and got the same result. I tried it again with Merlin 16, booting the ProDOS 8 disk it was on instead of launching from GSOS, and it still didn't work.
> 
> You don't state how you got from source code to object code on disk in a form that would boot.
> 
> Adding this to the end will create a binary file of the output in your current directory:
>  SAV EXAMPLE
> 
> You could then expect to move that file to a bootable ProDOS disk which starts BASIC.SYSTEM and end up at the ] prompt after booting it and from where you could
> 
> ]BRUN EXAMPLE
> 
> I happen to have multiple hard drive images connected via smartport and after starting BASIC.SYSTEM from GS.OS I was not able to PREFIX to my volume. This is probably a problem with the smartport mapping in the ProDOS I am using.
> 
> When I copied my binary file to a volume that I could prefix to, BRUN EXAMPLE showed the output on my screen.
> 
> Regards,
> Andrew

Andrew,

I meant that I booted Merlin 16 (not 16+) from a disk instead of running from the Finder. Just another thing I tried, but it didn't make any difference.

Here's my workflow (in ActiveX emulator, also tried it in GSPort):
 Start Merlin 16+ from System 6.0.1 hard drive image
 D(os commands)
 Prefix myprogs
 F(ull screen editor)
 enter program
 oa-A(ssemble)
 oa-Q(quit editor)
 S(ave source file) as AV1
 O (save object file) as AV1
 D(os commands)
 -AV1

and AV1 runs and I get an Applesoft prompt again, but no text.

I also tried to run AV1 by exiting Merlin and starting Basic.System from the Finder, which didn't work either. So I booted a ProDOS disk and tried to run from there with same problem.

I also tried copying the AV1.BIN file to a Prodos Boot disk, booting, and BRUN AV1, but got the same result. I also used the SAV AV1 directive you mentioned, but no difference in output.

If I use Merlin 8, everything works as expected, but I can't get Merlin 16 to output the string to the screen.

Arrrrgh! I know it's something simple that I just don't know about, but it's frustrating not being able to get a simple "hello world" program running.

Thanks,
-Dave

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Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vs Merlin vs ???

Contents

#5167 — Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vs Merlin vs ???

#5168 — Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vs Merlinvs ???

#5169

#5170

#5175

#5172 — Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vsMerlin vs ???

#5174 — Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vsMerlin vs ???

#5171

#5173 — Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vsMerlin vs ???

#5176 — Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vsMerlin vs ???

#5177 — Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vsMerlin vs ???

#5178 — Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vsMerlin vs ???

#5180 — Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vsMerlin vs ???

#5181 — Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vsMerlin vs ???

#5184 — Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vsMerlin vs ???

#5185 — Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vsMerlin vs ???

#5186 — Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vsMerlin vs ???

#5188 — Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vsMerlin vs ???

#5187 — Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vsMerlin vs ???

#5189 — Re: Assembler for Learning Assembly Language Programming ORCA vsMerlin vs ???