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Groups > comp.lang.c > #396033

Re: srand(0)

From Michael S <already5chosen@yahoo.com>
Newsgroups comp.lang.c
Subject Re: srand(0)
Date 2025-12-31 22:18 +0200
Organization A noiseless patient Spider
Message-ID <20251231221830.00007e87@yahoo.com> (permalink)
References (13 earlier) <10j206j$27s3j$1@dont-email.me> <10j247s$2925s$3@dont-email.me> <87fr8rwccq.fsf@example.invalid> <10j3mit$2o18r$1@dont-email.me> <10j3qr4$2p2od$1@dont-email.me>

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On Wed, 31 Dec 2025 18:42:45 +0000
bart <bc@freeuk.com> wrote:

> On 31/12/2025 17:30, Paul wrote:
> > On Tue, 12/30/2025 10:37 PM, Keith Thompson wrote:  
> >> Lawrence D’Oliveiro <ldo@nz.invalid> writes:  
> >>> On Wed, 31 Dec 2025 02:01:55 -0000 (UTC), Michael Sanders wrote:  
> >>>> *ISO C (C17 / C23)*:
> >>>>
> >>>> C17, 5.1.2.2.1 "Program startup"
> >>>>
> >>>> The value of argc shall be nonnegative.
> >>>>
> >>>> argv[argc] shall be a null pointer.
> >>>>
> >>>> If the value of argc is greater than zero, the array members
> >>>> argv[0] through argv[argc−1] inclusive shall contain pointers to
> >>>> strings which are given implementation-defined values.
> >>>>
> >>>> ...
> >>>>
> >>>> What say you?  
> >>>
> >>> Clearly on Windows, there are no guarantees about argc contains,
> >>> so you shouldn’t be relying on it.  
> >>
> >> That's not clear.  Linux (since 2022) guarantees argc>=1.  I don't
> >> know whether Windows makes a similar guarantee, but it's entirely
> >> plausible that it could.
> >>
> >> But not all systems guarantee argc>=1, so any portable code
> >> shouldn't make assumptions beyond what's guaranteed by ISO C.
> >>  
> > 
> > The Windows guarantee is with MSVC, according to this answer.
> > 
> > ********** CoPilot Question **********
> > 
> > Does the Windows operating system guarantee that argc >= 1 for an
> > EXE program ?
> > 
> > argv[0] usually contains the program absolute path.
> > 
> > ********** CoPilot Answer ************
> > 
> > Here’s the clear, standards‑grounded, Windows‑specific answer
> > you’re looking for — with citations from the search results.
> > 
> > # **Short Answer**
> > **Yes. On Windows, when using the Microsoft C runtime (MSVCRT), argc
> >    is always guaranteed to be ≥ 1**, and ** argv[0]  always
> > exists**. However, **Windows itself does *not* guarantee what
> > argv[0] contains** - only that the C runtime *treats* it as the
> > program name.
> > 
> > ---
> > 
> > # **What Windows Guarantees vs. What the C Runtime Guarantees**
> > 
> > ### **Microsoft C Runtime Guarantee**
> > Microsoft’s documentation explicitly states:
> > 
> > - *“Since the program name is considered an argument, the value of
> > argc is at least one.”*
> > 
> > So if your EXE is built with MSVC and uses the standard  main  or
> > wmain  , you can rely on:
> > 
> > -  argc >= 1
> > -  argv[0]  is a valid null‑terminated string
> > -  argv[argc] == NULL
> > 
> > ### **MSVC Startup Code Behavior**
> > MSVC startup code parses the command line and
> > **always inserts the program name as  argv[0]  ** (quoted if
> > needed).
> > 
> > ---
> > 
> > # **What Windows *Does Not* Guarantee**
> > Windows itself does **not** enforce that the first token of the
> > command line is the executable name. This is a convention, not a
> > rule:
> > 
> > - * By convention the module name ... is the first argument ...
> > Note that this is only a convention and is not enforced in any way.
> > *
> > 
> > This means:
> > 
> > - A caller can technically pass *anything* as the first token.
> > - A process created via  CreateProcess  can have an arbitrary
> > lpCommandLine  .
> > -  argv[0]  may not be the absolute path.
> > - It may not even be a valid path at all.
> > 
> > This is why portable code should not assume  argv[0]  is the
> > executable path.
> > 
> > ---
> > 
> > # **Cross‑Platform Note**
> > The C standard does **not** guarantee that  argv[0]  contains the
> > program name — only that it exists. This is echoed in the search
> > results:
> > 
> > - * In short: No... this is more of a common convention than a
> > strict rule. *
> > 
> > ---
> > 
> > #  **Final Summary**
> > | Question                                             | Answer
> >                               |
> > |------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------|
> > | **Does Windows guarantee  argc >= 1 ?**              | **Yes — if
> > using MSVC’s C runtime.**     | | **Is  argv[0]  guaranteed to
> > exist?**                | **Yes — with MSVC.**
> > | | **Is  argv[0]  guaranteed to be the absolute path?** | **No.**
> >                                 | | **Does Windows enforce any of
> > this?**                | **No — it’s the C runtime, not the OS.** |
> > 
> > If you need the *actual* executable path, use:
> > 
> > -  GetModuleFileName(NULL, ...)  (Windows API)
> > 
> > ---
> > 
> > https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/c-language/argument-description?view=msvc-170&utm_source=copilot.com
> > 
> > https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/c-language/parsing-c-command-line-arguments?view=msvc-170&utm_source=copilot.com
> > 
> > https://github-wiki-see.page/m/johnstevenson/winbox-args/wiki/How-Windows-parses-the-command-line?utm_source=copilot.com
> > 
> > https://www.codegenes.net/blog/is-argv-0-name-of-executable-an-accepted-standard-or-just-a-common-convention/?utm_source=copilot.com
> > 
> >      When argv[0] Isn’t the Executable Name
> > 
> >      4.1 Invocation via exec Functions
> >      4.2 Symbolic Links
> >      4.3 Shell Scripts and Aliases
> >      4.4 Debuggers, Emulators, and Special Environments
> > 
> > ********** End CoPilot Answer ************  
> 
> So is that a Yes or No?
> 
> My C compiler calls __getmainargs() in msvcrt.dll to get argc/argv.
> 
> __getmainargs() is also imported by programs compiled with Tiny C,
> and also with gcc 14.x from winlibs.com. (I assume it is actually
> called for the same purpose.)
> 
> The specs for __getmainargs() say that the returned argc value is
> always 
>  >= 1.  
> 
> (I doubt whether msvcrt.dll, which is present because so many
> programs rely on it, is what is used by MSVC-compiled appls, but
> you'd have to look inside such an app to check. EXEs inside
> \windows\system tend to import DLLs with names like "api-ms-win...".)
> 
> In any case, it is easy enough to do a check on argc's value in your 
> applications. (And on Windows, if it is 0 and you really need the
> path, you can get it with GetModuleFileNameA().)


I experimented a little with CreateProcess() in caller (parent) and
GetCommandLine() in callee (child). It seems that [under Windows] it is
impossible to pass empty command line to child process.
It makes no difference whether lpCommandLine argument of CreateProcess()
call is NULL or "". In both cases the OS fills command line of the child
with copy of lpApplicationName parameter.
What *is* possible is passing of command line parameter that contains
one or several white spaces. How compiler/start up code interprets such
command line depends on specific compiler/start up code.
If, like in your case, start up code is borrowed from Microsoft, then
such command line is interpreted as (argc = 1; argv[0] = ""; argv[1] =
NULL). I would guess that any start up code that is based on
CommandLineToArgvW() syscall will deliver the same result.
Of course, there are other possible choices as well. As mentioned up
thread, as far as C Standard is concerned, argc=0 is also legal. But
not using Microsoft's utilities sounds like plenty of extra work for
non-obvious gain.

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Thread

srand(0) Michael Sanders <porkchop@invalid.foo> - 2025-12-22 08:48 +0000
  Re: srand(0) James Kuyper <jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2025-12-22 06:44 -0500
    Re: srand(0) Janis Papanagnou <janis_papanagnou+ng@hotmail.com> - 2025-12-22 13:18 +0100
      Re: srand(0) James Kuyper <jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2025-12-22 12:13 -0500
        Re: srand(0) Janis Papanagnou <janis_papanagnou+ng@hotmail.com> - 2025-12-22 18:41 +0100
          Re: srand(0) Michael S <already5chosen@yahoo.com> - 2025-12-22 20:45 +0200
            Re: srand(0) Lawrence D’Oliveiro <ldo@nz.invalid> - 2025-12-22 21:16 +0000
            Re: srand(0) Janis Papanagnou <janis_papanagnou+ng@hotmail.com> - 2025-12-22 22:19 +0100
            Re: srand(0) Janis Papanagnou <janis_papanagnou+ng@hotmail.com> - 2025-12-22 22:57 +0100
              Re: srand(0) Michael S <already5chosen@yahoo.com> - 2025-12-23 11:18 +0200
                Re: srand(0) Janis Papanagnou <janis_papanagnou+ng@hotmail.com> - 2025-12-23 10:54 +0100
                Re: srand(0) Michael S <already5chosen@yahoo.com> - 2025-12-23 13:50 +0200
                Re: srand(0) James Kuyper <jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2025-12-23 18:29 -0500
                Re: srand(0) Keith Thompson <Keith.S.Thompson+u@gmail.com> - 2025-12-23 16:30 -0800
            Re: srand(0) antispam@fricas.org (Waldek Hebisch) - 2025-12-23 17:54 +0000
              Re: srand(0) Michael S <already5chosen@yahoo.com> - 2025-12-24 00:08 +0200
                Re: srand(0) Lawrence D’Oliveiro <ldo@nz.invalid> - 2025-12-24 02:02 +0000
                Re: srand(0) James Kuyper <jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2025-12-23 23:43 -0500
                Re: srand(0) Lawrence D’Oliveiro <ldo@nz.invalid> - 2025-12-24 05:34 +0000
                Re: srand(0) antispam@fricas.org (Waldek Hebisch) - 2025-12-24 09:00 +0000
                Re: srand(0) Michael S <already5chosen@yahoo.com> - 2025-12-24 12:12 +0200
                Article of Melissa O'Nail (Was: srand(0)) Michael S <already5chosen@yahoo.com> - 2025-12-28 02:44 +0200
                Re: Article of Melissa O'Nail antispam@fricas.org (Waldek Hebisch) - 2025-12-28 05:38 +0000
                Re: Article of Melissa O'Nail Michael S <already5chosen@yahoo.com> - 2025-12-28 12:35 +0200
                Re: Article of Melissa O'Nail Michael S <already5chosen@yahoo.com> - 2026-01-05 14:21 +0200
                Re: Article of Melissa O'Nail antispam@fricas.org (Waldek Hebisch) - 2026-01-07 10:51 +0000
                Re: Article of Melissa O'Nail Michael S <already5chosen@yahoo.com> - 2026-01-08 14:03 +0200
                Re: Article of Melissa O'Nail Tim Rentsch <tr.17687@z991.linuxsc.com> - 2026-01-08 09:40 -0800
                Re: srand(0) Tim Rentsch <tr.17687@z991.linuxsc.com> - 2026-01-08 09:26 -0800
                Re: srand(0) "Chris M. Thomasson" <chris.m.thomasson.1@gmail.com> - 2025-12-24 13:48 -0800
                Re: srand(0) Tim Rentsch <tr.17687@z991.linuxsc.com> - 2026-01-07 08:41 -0800
                Re: srand(0) Michael S <already5chosen@yahoo.com> - 2026-01-08 01:06 +0200
                Re: srand(0) Tim Rentsch <tr.17687@z991.linuxsc.com> - 2026-02-03 05:26 -0800
                Re: srand(0) Michael S <already5chosen@yahoo.com> - 2026-02-03 16:37 +0200
                Re: srand(0) Tim Rentsch <tr.17687@z991.linuxsc.com> - 2026-02-17 23:47 -0800
                Re: srand(0) Tristan Wibberley <tristan.wibberley+netnews2@alumni.manchester.ac.uk> - 2026-02-18 11:21 +0000
                Re: srand(0) David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2026-02-19 10:01 +0100
                Re: srand(0) James Kuyper <jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2026-02-19 14:33 -0500
                Re: srand(0) David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2026-02-19 20:47 +0100
                Re: srand(0) James Kuyper <jameskuyper@alumni.caltech.edu> - 2026-02-20 16:01 -0500
                Re: srand(0) David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2026-02-21 11:09 +0100
                Re: srand(0) Keith Thompson <Keith.S.Thompson+u@gmail.com> - 2026-02-19 14:39 -0800
                Re: srand(0) David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2026-02-20 09:16 +0100
                Re: srand(0) Paul <nospam@needed.invalid> - 2026-02-23 08:32 -0500
                Re: srand(0) David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2026-02-23 16:05 +0100
                Re: srand(0) Michael S <already5chosen@yahoo.com> - 2026-02-23 19:59 +0200
                Re: srand(0) David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2026-02-23 20:06 +0100
                Re: srand(0) Paul <nospam@needed.invalid> - 2026-02-23 15:24 -0500
                Re: srand(0) Axel Reichert <mail@axel-reichert.de> - 2026-02-24 07:08 +0100
                Re: srand(0) David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2026-02-24 10:24 +0100
                Re: srand(0) Axel Reichert <mail@axel-reichert.de> - 2026-02-26 19:13 +0100
              Re: srand(0) BGB <cr88192@gmail.com> - 2025-12-24 05:22 -0600
                Re: srand(0) BGB <cr88192@gmail.com> - 2025-12-24 23:09 -0600
                Re: srand(0) Janis Papanagnou <janis_papanagnou+ng@hotmail.com> - 2025-12-25 09:51 +0100
                Re: srand(0) BGB <cr88192@gmail.com> - 2025-12-25 04:24 -0600
              Re: srand(0) Tim Rentsch <tr.17687@z991.linuxsc.com> - 2026-01-07 07:50 -0800
            Re: srand(0) Tim Rentsch <tr.17687@z991.linuxsc.com> - 2026-01-07 07:46 -0800
              Re: srand(0) Michael S <already5chosen@yahoo.com> - 2026-01-07 18:14 +0200
          Re: srand(0) Kaz Kylheku <046-301-5902@kylheku.com> - 2025-12-22 19:16 +0000
            Re: srand(0) Janis Papanagnou <janis_papanagnou+ng@hotmail.com> - 2025-12-22 22:35 +0100
      Re: srand(0) Michael Sanders <porkchop@invalid.foo> - 2025-12-23 07:24 +0000
        Re: srand(0) Janis Papanagnou <janis_papanagnou+ng@hotmail.com> - 2025-12-23 09:59 +0100
          Re: srand(0) Michael Bäuerle <michael.baeuerle@stz-e.de> - 2025-12-23 11:09 +0100
            Re: srand(0) Michael Sanders <porkchop@invalid.foo> - 2025-12-23 14:49 +0000
          Re: srand(0) scott@slp53.sl.home (Scott Lurndal) - 2025-12-23 16:13 +0000
            Re: srand(0) richard@cogsci.ed.ac.uk (Richard Tobin) - 2025-12-23 19:05 +0000
        Re: srand(0) Keith Thompson <Keith.S.Thompson+u@gmail.com> - 2025-12-23 02:16 -0800
          Re: srand(0) Michael Sanders <porkchop@invalid.foo> - 2025-12-23 14:47 +0000
        Re: srand(0) scott@slp53.sl.home (Scott Lurndal) - 2025-12-23 16:08 +0000
          Re: srand(0) Michael Sanders <porkchop@invalid.foo> - 2025-12-24 15:44 +0000
    Re: srand(0) Michael Sanders <porkchop@invalid.foo> - 2025-12-23 07:17 +0000
      Re: srand(0) David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2025-12-23 08:25 +0100
        Re: srand(0) Michael Sanders <porkchop@invalid.foo> - 2025-12-23 14:45 +0000
          Re: srand(0) David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no> - 2025-12-23 19:15 +0100
  Re: srand(0) John McCue <jmclnx@gmail.com.invalid> - 2025-12-23 00:39 +0000
    Re: srand(0) Lawrence D’Oliveiro <ldo@nz.invalid> - 2025-12-23 02:17 +0000
      Re: srand(0) Michael Sanders <porkchop@invalid.foo> - 2025-12-23 14:55 +0000
        Re: srand(0) BGB <cr88192@gmail.com> - 2025-12-24 23:35 -0600
          Re: srand(0) Michael Sanders <porkchop@invalid.foo> - 2025-12-26 08:23 +0000
            Re: srand(0) BGB <cr88192@gmail.com> - 2025-12-26 14:48 -0600
              Re: srand(0) BGB <cr88192@gmail.com> - 2025-12-26 15:12 -0600
    Re: srand(0) Ike Naar <ike@sdf.org> - 2025-12-23 06:49 +0000
      Re: srand(0) John McCue <jmclnx@gmail.com.invalid> - 2025-12-23 20:37 +0000
        Re: srand(0) Ike Naar <ike@sdf.org> - 2025-12-24 15:22 +0000
    Re: srand(0) Michael Sanders <porkchop@invalid.foo> - 2025-12-23 07:25 +0000
      Re: srand(0) Lawrence D’Oliveiro <ldo@nz.invalid> - 2025-12-24 06:16 +0000
        Re: srand(0) Michael Sanders <porkchop@invalid.foo> - 2025-12-24 15:21 +0000
          Re: srand(0) Lawrence D’Oliveiro <ldo@nz.invalid> - 2025-12-24 19:00 +0000
            Re: srand(0) BGB <cr88192@gmail.com> - 2025-12-25 03:07 -0600
              Re: srand(0) Lawrence D’Oliveiro <ldo@nz.invalid> - 2025-12-25 19:31 +0000
                Re: srand(0) Janis Papanagnou <janis_papanagnou+ng@hotmail.com> - 2025-12-25 21:14 +0100
                Re: srand(0) BGB <cr88192@gmail.com> - 2025-12-25 15:29 -0600
                Re: srand(0) Paul <nospam@needed.invalid> - 2025-12-25 23:25 -0500
                Re: srand(0) BGB <cr88192@gmail.com> - 2025-12-25 23:41 -0600
                Re: srand(0) Lawrence D’Oliveiro <ldo@nz.invalid> - 2025-12-26 05:42 +0000
                Re: srand(0) Paul <nospam@needed.invalid> - 2025-12-26 01:52 -0500
                Re: srand(0) Lawrence D’Oliveiro <ldo@nz.invalid> - 2025-12-26 07:56 +0000
                Re: srand(0) BGB <cr88192@gmail.com> - 2025-12-26 04:48 -0600
      Re: srand(0) Michael S <already5chosen@yahoo.com> - 2025-12-24 10:51 +0200
        Re: srand(0) "Chris M. Thomasson" <chris.m.thomasson.1@gmail.com> - 2025-12-24 00:59 -0800
        Re: srand(0) Michael Sanders <porkchop@invalid.foo> - 2025-12-24 15:28 +0000
          Re: srand(0) Michael S <already5chosen@yahoo.com> - 2025-12-24 17:44 +0200
            Re: srand(0) Michael Sanders <porkchop@invalid.foo> - 2025-12-24 16:17 +0000
              Re: srand(0) Janis Papanagnou <janis_papanagnou+ng@hotmail.com> - 2025-12-24 17:53 +0100
                Re: srand(0) Michael Sanders <porkchop@invalid.foo> - 2025-12-24 17:27 +0000
                Re: srand(0) Michael Sanders <porkchop@invalid.foo> - 2025-12-24 17:33 +0000
                Re: srand(0) Michael S <already5chosen@yahoo.com> - 2025-12-24 20:16 +0200
                Re: srand(0) Michael Sanders <porkchop@invalid.foo> - 2025-12-25 02:01 +0000
                Re: srand(0) Lawrence D’Oliveiro <ldo@nz.invalid> - 2025-12-25 03:17 +0000
                Re: srand(0) Michael Sanders <porkchop@invalid.foo> - 2025-12-26 08:13 +0000
                Re: srand(0) Michael Sanders <porkchop@invalid.foo> - 2025-12-25 04:30 +0000
                Re: srand(0) Janis Papanagnou <janis_papanagnou+ng@hotmail.com> - 2025-12-25 09:10 +0100
                Re: srand(0) Michael Sanders <porkchop@invalid.foo> - 2025-12-26 08:08 +0000
                Re: srand(0) Michael Sanders <porkchop@invalid.foo> - 2025-12-30 06:07 +0000
                Re: srand(0) scott@slp53.sl.home (Scott Lurndal) - 2025-12-30 18:42 +0000
                Re: srand(0) Michael Sanders <porkchop@invalid.foo> - 2025-12-31 02:01 +0000
                Re: srand(0) Lawrence D’Oliveiro <ldo@nz.invalid> - 2025-12-31 03:10 +0000
                Re: srand(0) Michael Sanders <porkchop@invalid.foo> - 2025-12-31 03:28 +0000
                Re: srand(0) Lawrence D’Oliveiro <ldo@nz.invalid> - 2025-12-31 09:37 +0000
                Re: srand(0) Michael Sanders <porkchop@invalid.foo> - 2026-01-01 07:32 +0000
                Re: srand(0) Lawrence D’Oliveiro <ldo@nz.invalid> - 2026-01-01 19:02 +0000
                Re: srand(0) Michael Sanders <porkchop@invalid.foo> - 2026-01-01 19:20 +0000
                Re: srand(0) Michael S <already5chosen@yahoo.com> - 2026-01-01 21:53 +0200
                Re: srand(0) Lawrence D’Oliveiro <ldo@nz.invalid> - 2026-01-01 23:50 +0000
                Re: srand(0) Michael S <already5chosen@yahoo.com> - 2026-01-02 14:32 +0200
                Re: srand(0) Michael S <already5chosen@yahoo.com> - 2026-01-02 16:18 +0200
                Re: srand(0) Lawrence D’Oliveiro <ldo@nz.invalid> - 2026-01-02 20:52 +0000
                Re: srand(0) Lawrence D’Oliveiro <ldo@nz.invalid> - 2026-01-02 20:46 +0000
                Re: srand(0) Mike Terry <news.dead.person.stones@darjeeling.plus.com> - 2026-01-03 04:08 +0000
                Re: srand(0) Lawrence D’Oliveiro <ldo@nz.invalid> - 2026-01-03 04:39 +0000
                Re: srand(0) Michael Sanders <porkchop@invalid.foo> - 2026-01-03 14:24 +0000
                Re: srand(0) Michael S <already5chosen@yahoo.com> - 2026-01-03 20:38 +0200
                Re: srand(0) Keith Thompson <Keith.S.Thompson+u@gmail.com> - 2025-12-30 19:37 -0800
                Re: srand(0) scott@slp53.sl.home (Scott Lurndal) - 2025-12-31 17:24 +0000
                Re: srand(0) Keith Thompson <Keith.S.Thompson+u@gmail.com> - 2025-12-31 15:17 -0800
                Re: srand(0) Paul <nospam@needed.invalid> - 2025-12-31 12:30 -0500
                Re: srand(0) bart <bc@freeuk.com> - 2025-12-31 18:42 +0000
                Re: srand(0) Paul <nospam@needed.invalid> - 2025-12-31 15:07 -0500
                Re: srand(0) Michael S <already5chosen@yahoo.com> - 2025-12-31 22:18 +0200
                Re: srand(0) Lawrence D’Oliveiro <ldo@nz.invalid> - 2025-12-31 20:55 +0000
                Re: srand(0) bart <bc@freeuk.com> - 2025-12-31 22:57 +0000
                Re: srand(0) Keith Thompson <Keith.S.Thompson+u@gmail.com> - 2025-12-31 16:00 -0800
                Re: srand(0) Lawrence D’Oliveiro <ldo@nz.invalid> - 2026-01-01 01:03 +0000
                Re: srand(0) bart <bc@freeuk.com> - 2026-01-01 14:05 +0000
                Re: srand(0) Lawrence D’Oliveiro <ldo@nz.invalid> - 2026-01-01 19:03 +0000
                Re: srand(0) bart <bc@freeuk.com> - 2026-01-01 20:28 +0000
                Re: srand(0) Keith Thompson <Keith.S.Thompson+u@gmail.com> - 2025-12-31 15:29 -0800
                Re: srand(0) highcrew <high.crew3868@fastmail.com> - 2026-01-01 00:31 +0100
                Re: srand(0) Keith Thompson <Keith.S.Thompson+u@gmail.com> - 2025-12-31 16:05 -0800
                Re: srand(0) Michael S <already5chosen@yahoo.com> - 2025-12-31 15:29 +0200
                Re: srand(0) Lawrence D’Oliveiro <ldo@nz.invalid> - 2025-12-31 20:52 +0000
                Re: srand(0) Keith Thompson <Keith.S.Thompson+u@gmail.com> - 2025-12-31 15:14 -0800
                Re: srand(0) Geoff <geoff@invalid.invalid> - 2026-01-05 20:00 -0800
                Re: srand(0) Keith Thompson <Keith.S.Thompson+u@gmail.com> - 2025-12-31 15:03 -0800
                Re: srand(0) Keith Thompson <Keith.S.Thompson+u@gmail.com> - 2025-12-30 19:35 -0800
                Re: srand(0) Michael Sanders <porkchop@invalid.foo> - 2025-12-31 04:51 +0000
                Re: srand(0) Michael S <already5chosen@yahoo.com> - 2025-12-31 15:15 +0200
                Re: srand(0) Lawrence D’Oliveiro <ldo@nz.invalid> - 2025-12-31 20:51 +0000
                Re: srand(0) Keith Thompson <Keith.S.Thompson+u@gmail.com> - 2025-12-31 15:00 -0800
                Re: srand(0) Michael S <already5chosen@yahoo.com> - 2026-01-01 01:45 +0200
                Re: srand(0) Keith Thompson <Keith.S.Thompson+u@gmail.com> - 2025-12-31 16:34 -0800
                Re: srand(0) Michael Sanders <porkchop@invalid.foo> - 2026-01-01 07:23 +0000
                Re: srand(0) Mike Terry <news.dead.person.stones@darjeeling.plus.com> - 2026-01-01 02:01 +0000
                Re: srand(0) Lawrence D’Oliveiro <ldo@nz.invalid> - 2026-01-01 02:29 +0000
                Re: srand(0) Lawrence D’Oliveiro <ldo@nz.invalid> - 2025-12-30 06:34 +0000
                Re: srand(0) Michael Sanders <porkchop@invalid.foo> - 2025-12-30 14:05 +0000
                Re: srand(0) Michael Sanders <porkchop@invalid.foo> - 2025-12-28 05:51 +0000
            Re: srand(0) scott@slp53.sl.home (Scott Lurndal) - 2025-12-24 17:08 +0000
    Re: srand(0) Tim Rentsch <tr.17687@z991.linuxsc.com> - 2026-01-07 07:39 -0800
      Re: srand(0) Keith Thompson <Keith.S.Thompson+u@gmail.com> - 2026-01-07 13:54 -0800
        Re: srand(0) Michael Sanders <porkchop@invalid.foo> - 2026-01-08 15:34 +0000
          Re: srand(0) Keith Thompson <Keith.S.Thompson+u@gmail.com> - 2026-01-08 14:44 -0800
            Re: srand(0) Michael Sanders <porkchop@invalid.foo> - 2026-01-09 06:06 +0000
              Re: srand(0) Keith Thompson <Keith.S.Thompson+u@gmail.com> - 2026-01-08 22:46 -0800
                Re: srand(0) Michael Sanders <porkchop@invalid.foo> - 2026-01-09 22:38 +0000
                Re: srand(0) scott@slp53.sl.home (Scott Lurndal) - 2026-01-09 23:27 +0000
                Re: srand(0) Keith Thompson <Keith.S.Thompson+u@gmail.com> - 2026-01-09 17:09 -0800
                Re: srand(0) Kaz Kylheku <046-301-5902@kylheku.com> - 2026-01-10 19:44 +0000
        Re: srand(0) Tim Rentsch <tr.17687@z991.linuxsc.com> - 2026-01-09 00:36 -0800
  Re: srand(0) Bonita Montero <Bonita.Montero@gmail.com> - 2025-12-23 11:04 +0100
  Re: srand(0) "Chris M. Thomasson" <chris.m.thomasson.1@gmail.com> - 2025-12-23 21:44 -0800
    Re: srand(0) Michael Sanders <porkchop@invalid.foo> - 2025-12-24 15:41 +0000
      Re: srand(0) Janis Papanagnou <janis_papanagnou+ng@hotmail.com> - 2025-12-24 18:04 +0100
        Re: srand(0) Michael Sanders <porkchop@invalid.foo> - 2025-12-25 05:41 +0000
  Re: srand(0) Michael Sanders <porkchop@invalid.foo> - 2026-01-08 02:57 +0000

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