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Re: Ousting a king

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On 2025-10-05 11:34, Richard Kettlewell wrote:
> "Carlos E.R." <robin_listas@es.invalid> writes:
>> I don't know if The Spanish Transition is a revolution or not.
>>
>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy
>>
>> We went from a dictatorship to a democracy without bullets. Arguably
>> the transition had defects we are still suffering, but still, no
>> bullets. We had terrorism, yes, with too many deaths. But not all
>> directly related to The Transition.
> 
> Not quite without bullets I think? Tejero fired off a few rounds...

Yes. AFAIR did not hit anyone.

> You could argue that the coup attempts were separate events from the
> transition, but I don’t think that’s really sustainable; I think they
> were some of those ‘defects’ and that their failure was what made it
> clear that democracy was here to stay in Spain.

It is a part of the process.

There were killings. The one most prominent that I remember was the 1977 
Atocha massacre
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Atocha_massacre>

The 1977 Atocha massacre was an attack by right-wing extremists in the 
center of Madrid on 24 January 1977, which saw the assassination of five 
labor activists from the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) and the workers' 
federation Comisiones Obreras (CC.OO). The act occurred within the wider 
context of far-right reaction to Spain's transition to constitutional 
democracy following the death of dictator Francisco Franco. Intended to 
provoke a violent left-wing response that would provide legitimacy for a 
subsequent right-wing counter coup d'état, the massacre had an immediate 
opposite effect, generating mass popular revulsion of the far-right and 
accelerating the legalization of the long-banned Communist Party.

On the evening of 24 January, three men entered a legal support office 
for workers run by the PCE on Atocha Street in central Madrid, and 
opened fire on all present. Those killed were labour lawyers Enrique 
Valdelvira Ibáñez [es], Luis Javier Benavides Orgaz and Francisco Javier 
Sauquillo [es]; law student Serafín Holgado de Antonio [es]; and 
administrative assistant Ángel Rodríguez Leal [es]. Severely wounded in 
the attack were Miguel Sarabia Gil [es], Alejandro Ruiz-Huerta Carbonell 
[es], Luis Ramos Pardo [es] and Dolores González Ruiz [es].

The perpetrators all had links to neo-fascist organizations in Spain 
opposed to the democratic transition. Those involved in the massacre and 
their accomplices were sentenced to a total of 464 years in prison, 
although these terms were later significantly reduced and a number of 
the perpetrators escaped custody. Doubts remain as to whether all 
culpable persons were brought to justice.

The events surrounding the massacre are generally considered a crucial 
turning point in the consolidation of Spain's return to democracy in the 
late 1970s. Writing on the 40th anniversary of the massacre, journalist 
Juancho Dumall noted: "It was a terrorist act that marked the future of 
the country in a way that the murderers would never have suspected and, 
instead, was the one desired by the victims." Memorialized annually, 
across Madrid there are 25 streets and squares dedicated to the victims 
of the Atocha massacre.



Then there were two (main?) active terrorist groups, the ETA and the GRAPO.

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETA_(separatist_group)>

ETA,[b] an acronym for Euskadi Ta Askatasuna[c] ('Basque Homeland and 
Liberty'[14] or 'Basque Country and Freedom'[15] in Basque), was an 
armed Basque nationalist and separatist organization in the Basque 
Country between 1959 and 2018. The group was founded in 1959 during the 
era of Francoist Spain, and later evolved from a pacifist group 
promoting traditional Basque culture to a violent paramilitary group. It 
engaged in a campaign of bombings, assassinations, and kidnappings 
throughout Spain and especially the Southern Basque Country against the 
regime, which was highly centralised and hostile to the expression of 
non-Castilian minority identities.[citation needed][16][failed 
verification] ETA was the main group within the Basque National 
Liberation Movement and was the most important Basque participant in the 
Basque conflict.

ETA's motto was Bietan jarrai ("Keep up in both"), referring to the two 
figures in its symbol, a snake (representing politics) wrapped around an 
axe (representing armed struggle).[17][18][19] Between 1968 and 2010, 
ETA killed 829 people (including 340 civilians) and injured more than 
22,000.[20][21][22][23] ETA was classified as a terrorist group by 
France,[24] the United Kingdom,[25] the United States,[26] Canada,[27] 
and the European Union.[28] This convention was followed by a plurality 
of domestic and international media, which also referred to the group as 
terrorists.[29][30][31][32] As of 2019, there were more than 260 
imprisoned former members of the group in Spain, France, and other 
countries.[33]

ETA declared ceasefires in 1989, 1996, 1998 and 2006. On 5 September 
2010, ETA declared a new ceasefire[34] that remained in force, and on 20 
October 2011, ETA announced a "definitive cessation of its armed 
activity".[35] On 24 November 2012, it was reported that the group was 
ready to negotiate a "definitive end" to its operations and disband 
completely.[36] The group announced on 7 April 2017 that it had given up 
all its weapons and explosives.[37] On 2 May 2018, ETA made public a 
letter dated 16 April 2018 according to which it had "completely 
dissolved all its structures and ended its political initiative".[38]


<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_of_October_Anti-Fascist_Resistance_Groups>

The First of October Anti-Fascist Resistance Groups (Spanish: Grupos de 
Resistencia Antifascista Primero de Octubre, GRAPO) was a Spanish 
clandestine Marxist–Leninist group aiming for the formation of a Spanish 
Republican state.

The group was anti-capitalist, anti-imperialist, and strongly opposed 
Spain's membership in NATO.[1]

GRAPO's last attack was in 2006. After having been fairly active in the 
late 1970s and early 1980s, a dwindling number of its militants along 
with police actions allowed Spanish officials to claim a number of times 
to have disbanded the GRAPO after the remaining militants were 
captured.[2] According to the Spanish police, GRAPO was disbanded after 
six of its militants were arrested in June 2007[3] but formally, the 
group has not announced its dissolution.[4]

GRAPO is included in the European Union's list of terrorist 
organisations.[5]

-- 
Cheers, Carlos.
ES🇪🇸, EU🇪🇺;

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Re: Ousting a king Stéphane CARPENTIER <sc@fiat-linux.fr> - 2025-09-27 15:03 +0000
  Re: Ousting a king "Carlos E.R." <robin_listas@es.invalid> - 2025-09-28 14:24 +0200
    Re: Ousting a king Stéphane CARPENTIER <sc@fiat-linux.fr> - 2025-10-04 20:35 +0000
      Re: Ousting a king "Carlos E.R." <robin_listas@es.invalid> - 2025-10-05 22:14 +0200
    Re: Ousting a king Richard Kettlewell <invalid@invalid.invalid> - 2025-10-05 10:34 +0100
      Re: Ousting a king "Carlos E.R." <robin_listas@es.invalid> - 2025-10-05 22:02 +0200
        Re: Ousting a king Richard Kettlewell <invalid@invalid.invalid> - 2025-10-08 18:24 +0100
          Re: Ousting a king "Carlos E.R." <robin_listas@es.invalid> - 2025-10-10 13:40 +0200

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